Zalai Múzeum 14. Müller Róbert 60 éves (Zalaegerszeg, 2005)

Gyulai Ferenc: Archaebotanikai kutatások a Balaton környékén

276 Gyulai Ferenc Carpathian-Basin the Celtic period is the only one when spelta was grown in increased amount separately from other cereals (Fenékpuszta). The majority of the sites in the Balaton area that represent plant remains belong to the Roman period such as Nemesvámos-Balácapuszta, Balatonberény, Fenékpuszta, Keszthely-Dobogó, Keszthely-Mosóház, Keszthely-Vadaskert, Kékkút. According to the rich seed and crop finds of the Roman Period, there was a fundamental change in farming. Breadwheat and rye, which require longer growing-season and advanced agricultural methods, came to the fore. Cultivated fruits also appeared and spread, and Pannónia also had a flourishing grape-growing tradition. By the time of the Migration Period the intensity of farming decreased. Grape and fruit cultivation, however, survived through this chaotic period (VorsTótok dombja, Vörs-Papkert, Balatonszentgyörgy, Szegerdő). The sites within the examined area that represent the late Migration Period (Fonyód-Bélatelep, Zalavár) are very rich in archaeobotanical remains. These finds suggest similar populations that chose their living environment according to the same criteria and had a diverse farming and gardening culture. According to the archaeobotanical finds, the Hungarian conquest took place earlier in Transdanubia than in the Great Hungarian Plain (KeszthelyHalászcsárda). During the developing feudal system there was an increase in growing nutritive autumn cereals. A developing knowledge of gardening and grape cultivation can also be recognised. At the same time gathering of wide fruits was also practiced (Tihany-Barátlakások).The written sources of the period directly correlate with the archaeobotanical finds. The types and amounts of plant remains suggest a rapidly progressing medieval agricultural system (Balatonmagyaród-Alsókolon dűlő). The archaeobotanical remains from sites in the Balaton region suggest that from the Hungarian conquest to the Ottoman occupation agriculture showed similar, unbroken patterns. Outside influences, such as Moravian-Frank agricultural knowledge, although undoubtedly affected Hungarian agricultural knowledge but they cannot be recognised with reassuring certainty. The possible assimilation of Avar agricultural tradition also has to be considered. The centralised feudal system integrated both knowledge and diverse populations living in the Carpathian Basin. Feudal obligations, corvée, trade, outside influences, establishment of demesnes, religion, rising of literacy were all contributed to the wide spread of agricultural knowledge and seeds to different parts of the country. The needs of the developing towns increased the cultivation of cereal, fruits and vegetables. This is the period when the export of meat and wine commenced. The development of the medieval agricultural system was ended by the Ottoman occupation. According to the archaeobotanical finds from destruction layers from the Ottoman period (Pogányszentpéter monastery), the agriculture of this period can be characterised by precaution and subsistence and as a result a mixed cultivation (abajdóc, Triticum mixtum) of bread wheat and rye. Cereal and fruit cultivation only increased after the end of the Ottoman occupation. This period, however, is outside the scope of our archaeobotanical research. Translated by Eszter Kreiter