A Veszprém Megyei Múzeumok Közleményei 23. (Veszprém, 2004)

Regenye Judit: Háztípusok és településszerkezet a késői lengyeli kultúrában veszprémi és szentgáli példán alapján

UNPUBLISHED ROMAN PERIOD KILNS FROM VESZPRÉM COUNTY FIND RESCUES The brick kilns described in the Archaeological Topography of Hungary and those unearthed by chance in the 1970s were summarised, or the recent ones were published, in the 1993-1994 volume 19-20, of Veszprém County Museum Communications. The lime kiln which forms the object of this present communication was cut into in 1975 during digging work in Szentkirályszabadja-Romkut. In 1983, the find rescue of a pottery kiln was carried out by Veszprém Museum in Balatonalmádi-Vörösberény, and in 1998 in Alsóörs, a brick kiln was successfully defined and documented, following repeated earlier disturbances. The definition and documentation of the structures of the kilns now presented were for the most part carried out in the course of short, one-day find-rescue work, which cannot exactly be called ideal. A lime kiln in Szentkirályszabadja-Romkút At the time verification excavations were being carried on building no. I, known as the corner-tower building but in reality possessing a corner room with two facades, during sand quarrying in 1975 on the hillside SSW of the building, a large, red-fired „dug-out" with a limy edge came to light: this was a barrel-shaped section of a lime kiln, probably later used as a refuse pit. The side wall of the lime pit was covered with a 2-3 cm thick layer of fired lime. (Fig. 1-3., 5.) The pit narrows a little at the top and bellies out somewhat around the middle, the upper diameter being 190-202 cm. The base is at a depth of 173-195 cm reckoned from the appearance of the lime-burning wall, or in the round pit, which deepens in the centre with a semi-circular section, it is 235 cm. The small fuel pit was partially covered with a carbonised, ashy band. This, as was the wall of the pit, was covered with a 1.5-6 cm thick layer of lime. The closest parallel to the Szentkirályszabadja lime kiln could be a kiln found by the boundary of Nemesvámos, based on a photograph kept in the photographic archives of Veszprém Museum (Fig. 4.). The Szentkirályszabadj a-Romk

út settlement is sure to have been in existence by the 2"

d century (certainly from the second half of the 2

nd century) and survived through the 3"

1-4

И1 centuries. Based on a fragment of terra sigillata, a revival or boom at the end of the 2

nd century, i.e. in the Severus period, must also be considered here. Hand-formed grey pots (here tankards), and urns painted orange-red are well known from the 2

nd century environment in the Balaton Uplands and Veszprém County. A brick kiln in Alsóörs While laying gas mains in front of the ground plot at 21 Orgona Street in Alsóörs in 1998, under the road surface a Roman period brick kiln was once again cut into. (Fig. 6-12.) The brick kiln was oriented NNW-SSE with the opening towards the SSE, having a ground area of 270-298 x 260-270 cm. There was no possibility of digging an exploratory trench. The width of the red-pigmented, burnt band around the kiln was 22-63 cm; the lining of the inner side was fired like chamotte in places. The kiln is 105-110 cm high at its deepest point; the fuel space was dug obliquely into the ground. The heating channel, cutting through the middle of the fuel space and sunk even more deeply, could not be excavated due to the confined space and previously laid public works. The fuel space was originally divided up in a crosswise direction by four 31-40 cm wide walls built up from bricks, and these were connected together by chamotte-fired bricks. These formed the actual grating structure. The width of the heating channels defined by the brick dividing walls was 30-38 cm in general. The dividing walls and the grating were plastered with yellow clay. A complete grating hole could only be observed in one single case. The diameter of this between dividing walls 3 and 4 was 9 cm. The greenishyellow bricks of the arch above the central heating channel were probably burnt through during the course of continual use. As is usual for the brick kilns, no finds were made on this occasion either which could be used to determine the age. Based on observations, probably two more kilns are to be reckoned with on the empty area alongside ground plot at 6 Orgona Street. The Roman period brick kiln found in front of ground plot at 21 Orgona Street, Alsóörs, which has in fact become determinative, may be classified with regard to its dimensions alongside the Balaton Uplands kilns excavated in recent years. Structurally, it belongs to the symmetrically arranged type with a central heating channel. A pottery firing kiln in Balatonalmádi-Vörösberény, on plot 20, Árpád Street On the ground floor of house no. 20 in Árpád Street, which in any case belongs to the well- know find site of Lokhegy, close to the Séd stream by Balatonalmádi (and Vörösberény), while digging a manhole in the garage in 1983, a round, 142-154 cm diameter Roman period kiln was penetrated, and part of the layer covering the firing space of the kiln was also demolished. The total, measurable height of the kiln was 154-160 cm, that of the firing space being 74-80 cm. The firing space of the kiln was vaulted. The diameter of the severely dismantled vaulting, with two layers of plaster in places, was 126 cm at the highest surviving point. The firing space of the kiln narrows gradually; the slightly oval, 102-122 cm diameter kiln base opens up 50 cm wide towards the mouth. Between the firing and heating spaces, a kiln ledge protruding 8-15 cm at a height of 28 cm, with the exception of the mouth, served to support the grating bricks. In the middle, the support was provided by a pillar consisting of a 9 x 58