A Balaton-felvidék népi építészete. A Balatonfüreden, 1997. május 21-23-án megrendezett konferencia anyaga (Szentendre-Veszprém, 1997)

H. Csukás Györgyi: A kőépítkezés múltja a Balaton-felvidéken és a Bakonyban

only in the bigger market towns, their special system of organization (the considerable number of journeymen and apprentices who had learned the profession, however never became master craftsmen, had plenty opportunity to work in the villages) makes the fast spreading of building in stone comprehensible. The intensive building activities in the vineyard hills created a general need for the construction technology of stone cellars with roofs with barrel vaulting and made them popular. This had an effect on the architecture of the village: pantries, porches and cellars provided with stone roofs with barrel vaulting and porches with arched ceilings of stone can be found everywhere in the vineyards but even in farmer buildings. When building the walls, stone blocks were laid in clay. The use of lime mortar as well as of bricks was typical only for the houses of well-to-do lower noblemen, of the employees of a domain or for the buildings of a domain. Therefore, the porches, rooms, kitchens, pantries and stables with Bohemian vaults of bricks are met at a certain economic and social level like smoke outlet through open chimney. The open chimneys are built in our region always with brick vaults. Due to the fact that the erection of an open chimney was quite expensive, smoky kitchens had a chance to remain in great numbers till the beginning of our century and with it the system of separate access to each room as well as the open porch, which guaranteed a protected passage-way between the entries and at the same time, the streaming out of smoke from the kitchen. The modernization of the smoke outlet began from the 80es of the last century. Ovens of internally accessible flue were built but until they became widespread, a variety of transitional solutions existed simultaneously. The abundance of stone and the lack of wood (consequence of the growth of vineyard areas) brought about a special way of supporting the ridge poles in the Balaton-Uplands: the ridge-pole is supported by wall-pillars or by gable walls inside, protruding beyond the gable ends and the internal partition walls. Together with the building in stone appear the gables built with mortar, offering a good basing for rich plaster decorations, mainly in houses with free chimney and in press houses. Porches with stone pillars and sometimes with cross-vaults are parts of the characteristics of our region. Common yards, the so-called yard-passages of the lower nobility are typical not only in the discussed region with its stone architecture. The dwelling houses with room-kitchen-stable, so well known from historic material of the 18th-19th centuries and which can be seen occasionally even today became so wide-spread due to this special agriculture of the Balaton-Uplands. The architecture of our region developed under the influence of the lower nobility. The lower nobility used to live here in great numbers and his style of living was very similar to the life of farmers. Therefore, this social layer was able to take over the function of mediator between the great historic styles and the popular architecture. The immigrant Germans added a touch of color to the traditional architecture, having higher developed technology and more artisans. The traditional architecture of the region is influenced mainly by the Baroque and the Classical styles. Most of the historical monuments of our traditional architecture are in the examined area, in the county of Veszprém. Reason for it is, besides the durability of stone, the fact that the general development of the country did not take place in this region and it belonged from the middle of the 19th century and especially after the vine-pest at the end of the century, - with the exception of a narrow strip directly at the shores of the Balaton - to the underdeveloped regions constantly losing their population. 92