Ilon Gábor: Százszorszépek. Emberábrázolás az őskori Nyugat-Magyrországon (Szombathely, 2007)

Kalicz Nándor: Az őskori agyagszobrászat kezdetei a Nyugat-Dunántúlon (Kr. e. 6000–Kr. e. 3000)

AZ ŐSKORI AGYAGSZOBRASZAT KEZDETEI A NY1M HJaSTÚLON DIE aSIg

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""*'' *3tlURGESCHICHTl ICHFN TONSTATUET perhaps a pigtail that are comparable to ones from Moravia. At Oladi plató the arms of the figurines are mostly represented by short horizontal stumps but figurines with plastically applied arms also appear. In these cases the arms are bent at the elbows and the hands held upwards towards the chin. This method of representing the arms is unknown in Se but it appears in a completely similar manner in the above mentioned western and north-western areas. The site at Svodin/Szőgyén in Slovakia belongs to the eastern group of the Lengyel culture but it also shows many characteristics of the western region. At this site among the figurines showing "mixed" characteristics ones with rounded heads and also seated figurines with the arms bent at the elbows and the hands held towards the chin are also present. On the figurines from Oladi plató the groin is represented where the body and legs meet and mainly accentuated by deep incised lines. Representing the groin in such a way is similar to what is observed in Sé. The main difference between the figurines from Se and Oladi plató is that at Oladi plató the figurines do not have cloths. The same is true for Lower Austria and Moravia where there are more than 1300 figurines and dress representations appear only very rarely. If it is present the skirt like dress is represented by painting. The steatopygic bottom is similarly characteristic at both sites. Because of the fragmented nature of the figurines the way their lower bodies were made can well be seen. First one of the legs and bottom was formed; sometimes the upper half of the body was also formed together with one leg and one bottom. If it was necessary further small clay lumps were attached to it. Then the parts of the figurine were put together and the whole figurine was covered with a fine clay layer. The two symmetrical parts were then joined together. In many cases the two parts were also joined together with a small stick which disintegrated during firing. On the legs the knees and sometimes the ankles and even the toes are represented by small knobs. Figurines sitting on a stool or throne appear in only Oladi plató. The stool or throne was bent from a flat slab then the figurine was attached to it. Seated figurines were only found fragmented. Such fragments belong to only one large figurine in Sé. A further characteristic of the figurines of Oladi plató was that only the upper halves of the figurines were prepared then they were attached to a conical lid. Quite surprisingly only these "half figurines" hold their hands upright in an adoring position. This practice is unknown from Sé. It seems that at Oladi plató not only the figurines took part in rituals but they were used and fragmented together with small cubic altars with small depressions on their top !N IN WEST-TRANSDANUBIEN THE BEGINNING OF PREHISTORIC FIGURINE MAKING IN WESTERN TRANSDANUBIA, HUNGARY and with conical lids with their handle showing animal (goat) representations. One of the most beautiful finds at Oladi plató is an almost complete lid with an animal representation. On the top of the conical lid there is a small bowl, the rim representing a birdshaped animal with two stylized, perhaps, goat horns. Common cultural backgrounds of the communities ofSé and Oladi plató and their relationship with neighbouring cultural groups The above presented different human representations from Oladi plató are in many respects similar or identical to the ones from Sé, which reflects convincingly the Sé origin of the representations of Oladi plató. In spite of this there are many features in which the figurines at Oladi plató differ. At the same time, in the northwest, in the oldest phase of the Moravian Painted Pottery all the Oladi plató type figurines, ritual paraphernalia, and even the forms of the painted vessels and the painted motifs have, with no exception, perfect analogies in the southern Moravian Tesetice, where the most figurines and cult objects came to light. In terms of the relationship between Sé and Oladi plató the conclusion can be drawn that at the beginning of the formative phase of the Lengyel culture the population who made the so called Sé horizon type objects moved to the Oladi plató for unknown reasons. There its material culture changed slightly but its former cultic life continued with its characteristically uniform material culture. Several Sé type sites are known although many of them were revealed by small-scale excavations and so far Oladi plató is the only one in the western region with such a rich and complex material culture. They established a characteristic material culture and belief system in an almost identical manner during the early classical phase of the Lengyel culture in an extensive geographical area reaching even Moravia. The formative phase that is represented by the Sé type material culture is the contemporary Luäanky culture in Slovakia. At that time in Lower Austria and south Moravia the population of the Stroke-Ornamented Pottery culture/Stichband flourished. Even though the culture at Oladi plató has the characteristics of the formative phase it represents a transitional period from that phase. When it reached Moravia it represented the early classical phase of the Lengyel culture in Transdanubia and also in the western region. The eastern group represented the early classical phase of the Lengyel culture. South and east from the Lengyel culture the Sopot culture lived that originates in Croatia.