Nagy Zoltán: A dunántúli cseréppipa-készítő műhelyek és termékeik a 19. században (Fontes Castriferriensis 1. Szombathely, 2001)

FONTES CASTRIFERRIENSIS № 1 2001. reduction process as well as unglazed ones smoked by straw flames. Smaller amount of glazed ("black", brownish, yellow, green and glazed), paint printed (blood-red, claret and cherry colored, painted earth color), bronzed, layed with fibres, batik worked pieces were also found. Marbling seems to have been quite popular, of which two types are known: stained and marbled. Some pieces show that the seals were gilded (Pápa, Boscowitz). The white pipes made of kaolin are missing in whole, except for the ones called cafeteria pipes produced by Sámuel Boscowitz at the turn of the 20

th century in Városlőd. The research considered the date of being covered by earth a key point. This is important for the reason that the age of ethnographical artifacts recovered are to be determined. Along with the particularities of shapes and style, the interpretation of chronology hidden in the depicted cloth elements may also help, e.g.: mustache, side-whiskers, full beard, top hat, tails, medals. At the same time, the terms of the cults of the individual emperors (Francis the 1

st

, Napoleon), the fashion used for letter types of the seals soiled, straight and calligraphic writings - may also support determination of the date, as well as the application of Hungarian local names and letters, double consonants replacing the German logos. The depictions on the commemorating pipes also provide assistance for relative chronology, such as the dedication of the gallion-figured sailing steam boat in Vienna as at September 4, 1830, and the dedication of the Wiener railway in 1838. The coins worn-out in use and produced between 1801 and 1816 must have been buried 5-20 years later. The Wiener, Kőszeg, Pápa versions of the hard tile plate fragments decorated with cobalt blue lines and "wiener rauftmuster" may be dated to the first trimester of the 19

th century. Based on the date of archives, the workshops above must have operated in parallel between the 1810's and 1847. The buried pipes presume that Körmend actively manufactured between 1820 and 1850 along with Vasvár, Bonyhád, and Pápa. This assumption is partly based on the history of styles, partly the presence of numeric systems engraved on the pipe-stems. It is quite outstanding that none of the cc. 1.500 clay-pips found in Körmend at Monaco spot and at the spot of Street Rákóczi indicate engraved numbers confirming that these products were distributed on the old market system, or through huckstery channels. The fragments recovered in Vasvár indicate numbers between 14-68, the ones of Bonyhád demonstrate 3-78, i.e. the entire stock, cc. 70-80 versions, reflects the portfolio included in catalogues popularized by the expansion of the use of writing, development of printing technology, and the construction of the railway system. This practice may presumably be dated in the second half of the century. The use of seal names serve with another point. The research revealed that the owners of the names found in the waste of workshops did not work in the settlement in concern. Therefore, neither Körmend, nor Vasvár, nor 91