Vig Károly (szerk.): Savaria - A Vas Megyei Múzeumok Értesítője 40. (Szombathely, 2018)

Régészet - Ilon Gábor: Újabb velemi urnamezős kori öntőformák. A Szent Vid-i és a góri fémműves központ jelentősége az urnamezős kori Kárpát-medencében

ILON GÁBOR: ÚJABB VELEMI URNAMEZŐS KORI ÖNTŐFORMÁK. A SZENT V1D-I ÉS A GÓR1 FÉMMŰVES KÖZPONT...

the moulds were kept in their dwellings. Remains of forges and cupped plates have been found in the areas between the Holy Spring and the Celtic ramparts and beneath the ramparts. This topography may point to a technically explicable concentration (water requirements, fire risks). The excavations at Kápolnadomb/Gór, cover a contiguous area of 5600 m2. The mould finds were sporadic, but with patches of greater density (Figure 6). Only one site could be interpreted as a possible workshop (Section M-6 “a"). I do not see clear evidence of specialist metalworkers grouping themselves into any kind of artisan quarter, either at Szent Vid (Figure 3) or at Kápolnadomb/Gór (Figure 6).

A map of the finds (Figure 7) shows clearly that all areas concealing copper ore were known by the early Bronze Age (Krause 2005: Nos 7, n and 13; Czajlik: Figure 2). Only for the Rudna Glava site do 1 have no data for this. 1 see water transport playing a big part throughout the Bronze Age in supplying the workshops with copper ore. With middle Bronze-Age South Transdanubia, a role may have been played by waters from the Eastern Alps, the River Zala, and possibly the Danube. It is noticeable that there are only data for indicative moulds from North-East Transdanubia (Hegyeshalom, Tarjánpuszta). I currently can see no explanation for the lack of moulds from the inner districts of Transdanubia, which may refect my ignorance or a failure to publish them.

Looking statistically at my 2006 study and my present findings, 1 see that the quantity of data for the middle Bronze Age has grown to a large extent, however, centralization in the middle Bronze Age (21 workshops) was of a different nature and occurred in new places, i. e. most earlier sites ceased to produce, and manufacturing took place in longer series than in previous centuries (in terms of moulds per workshop and numbers of items produced).

As I now see it, manufacture in the late Bronze Age was taking place even on hillsides and plains more distant from the quarrying sites, at least in the case of metalworking activity (Figure 7). With the middle Bronze Age around the Gömör/Szepes ore quarries (and in Czajlik’s region III in the Mátra), the places showing evidence of moulding and processing were closer to the mining areas. However, the small number of finds for the early Bronze Age mean it would be frivolous to draw such conclusions about them.

1 know at present of moulds associated with 95 late Bronze-Age sites in the Carpathian Basin: there are possible workshops in 65 places in 21 communities (at least four in one case), one from a cave (Figure 7, No. 31, Geoagiu, Romania) and three from graves (Figure 7, No. 43, three graves at Lápu§, Románia; No. 51, one grave at Németbánya, Hungary; N0.93, one grave at Vysny Kubin, Slovakia). Finds were made on seven occasions from depot (No. 2, Aranyosapáti, No. 11, Beremend, No. 73, Soltvadkert, No. 81, Szeged/Szőreg Cemetery C, all in Hungary; No. 22, Ciume§ti, No. 33, Hälchiu/Bra§ov, No. 83. Teleac, all in Romania; and No. 77, Sveti Petar, in Croatia. Based on the concentration of moulds found, central workshops can be assumed in the following places:

1. Quarries close to the deposits in the eastern Alps (e. g. Schlaining district of Austria): Gór (No. 34), Celldömölk-Ság hegy (No. 20), Várvölgy (No. 88), Velem (No. go), all in Hungary, and Gomja Radgona (No. 33) in Slovenia.

2. Deposits from the Gömör/Szepes quarries may have been processed at Aranyosapáti (No. 2) and Visegrád (No. gi) in Hungary, and Pobedim (No. 61), Radzovce (No. 67), Vysny Kubin (No. дз) in Slovakia. Copper ore from the Recsk/Lahóca mine in the Mátra probably supplied Oszlár/Nyárfaszög (No. 38) in Hungary. On topographical grounds it can be assumed that one of the two last mining areas also supplied Piliny/Borsoshegy (No. 60).

3. Transylvanian copper deposits may have supplied the communities of Ciume§ti (No. 22), Hälchiu/Bra§ov (No. 33), Lapu§ (No. 43), flag и (No. 70), Teleac (No. 83), all in Romania, and Makó (No. 46), Szeged/Szőreg (No. 81) in Hungary.

4. The North Balkan quarries of Rudna Glava may have supplied Bolcske/Sziget (No. 13), Pécs/Mákártető (No. 3g), Soltvadkert (No. 73), both in Hungary, and Sveti Petar (No. 77) in Croatia.

For 20 places, 1 still do not know the precise sources. 1 have been able to add 20 new places since my 2006 publication.

It is still questionable when and by what parameters we can begin to call Urnfield-period workshops centralized industrial units, or how long they remain just domestic repair facilities serving the purpose of a village forge (Jockenhövel ig86: 22д-2зо; Ilon 2007:142-143, Tables 1-2). My earlier works (Ilon igg2 and 2007) assume links with various, basically three types of settlement in Western Transdanubia. This is backed by evidence from the Great Hungarian Plain (Szabó 2004: 148-14g). Flat articles (vessels, armour plating, belts and head bands) are found as prestige items as often among leading members of society as among arms-bearing “nobility”. The differences are at most in the material used (bronze, gold) and the energy and knowledge put into them (time, decoration). This applies to metal artworks such as deer anvils and the moulds

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