Savaria – A Vas Megyei Múzeumok Értesítője 35. – (2012) (Szombathely, 2010)

RÉGÉSZET - SZILASI Attila Botond: EGY KELTA KÚT KŐSZEG VÁROS KÖZPONTJÁBAN

savaRia a Vas Megyei Múzeumok Értesítője 35 (2012) 135-149 Egy kelta kút Kőszeg város központjában Botond Attila SZILASI A CELTIC WELL IN THE CENTRE OF THE TOWN OF KŐSZEG In the course of restoring the Main Square of the town of Kőszeg in the year 2006 remnants of a Celtic well were found at the corner of Városháza Street in a smaller archaeological segment along with phenomena from the Árpád-Period. (Image 2). It shows traditional forms of an earth well with a diameter of 1.8 metres and an unearthed depth of 1.76 metres. Its upper third was destroyed and closed with a fill layer (KE 64) during grading works when the town was founded. Much less pottery fragments were unearthed from the black, more clayey and light porose soil (KE76). Based on its section, this layer can be interpreted as a conscious back-filling, as there were no signs of an intermediate layer as a result of slides, or natural fill. The muddy, grey and stony layer located underneath (KE 80) shows the time when the well was in use. There were rather more pottery fragments and the ones of a grinding stone found. The phenomenon happened in the red, stony (Pannonian stone) (KE81) sub-soil, functioning as a good quality, natural water filter in the life of the well - thus no artificial filter system, made of wicker, or tapped beams. (3. image). As there were no signs of renewal or maintenance to be documented (and the fill layers were rather homogeneous), we can conclude that the well must have been used in a mono-cyclic period and for a short time and afterwards it was abandoned and refilled artificially. (4. image). There is a large number of similar wells known from the La Téne period. They can mostly be found in evenground, horizontal sites, properly separated from the central working, or living spaces. Regarding the settlement structure, the wells were located at its outskirts most probably because of work processes requiring a lot of water - in a well-concentrated, easily accessible area. We can observe this spatial-dynamic confinement at the Sajópetri-Hosszú parcel (SZABÓ 2007. Carte 2.), NyitraSindolka (BREZINOVA - HECKOVÁ 1994. 76 Obr. 2) and the Ordacsehi-Kis fill (KULCSÁR 2007. 195 183. images). We can thus conclude that the former Celtic settlement must have stretched towards the former hillside, i.e. towards the town centre. Based on the pot fragments from the upper fill of the well (KE 76), we can talk of a typical debris material related to the settlement horizon. There is a large number of bowls with deep bellies and inverted rims (5. image), with the forms resembles the Hunyady types 9 and 10 - appearing at the end of LT C and at the time of LT D. Apart from these, the vast majority of the funds consist of grey, wheel-turned, inverted rim bowl and urn fragments. (6. image). In many cases their sides are ornamented with parallel, vertical line patterns, their bottoms are flat and smooth (7. image). Their composition and form shows similarities to funds at Szigetszentmiklós-Üdülősor (H. HANNY 1992. 251-253), Brno-Králova (CIZMÁR-HOLUB 2003. 299-300) and Strachotín (CIZMÁR 1987. 228-229), originating from the LT C/D period. The two larger urn-like bowl fragments from the later fill (KE 80) also originate from a well definable period and type of form. The urn Ö 2011.12.18. (8. image 2) belongs to the form circle of Balsa and Apahid (HUNYADY 1942-44. 145-146, Taf. LXXXVII/4-6), being the masterpieces of the classical LT C2 and LT D1 periods - however, their outriders can already be found in the LT C1 period (material of the Szomód-Kenderhegy and Esztergom-Széchenyi square - VADÁSZ 1987. 245 Pl. VI/2 and KELEMEN 1987. 242 Pl. III/3). 149