Istvánovits Eszter: International Connections... (Jósa András Múzeum Kiadványai 47. Aszód-Nyíregyháza, 2001)
Katalin Almássy: New data on the Celto-Dacian relationship in the Upper Tisza Region
And with that we have come to the most interesting part of evaluating the material: the problems of chronology. As I mentioned at the beginning of my presentation, no LT finds of the 1 st c. B.C. have been discovered on this territory. In the distant surroundings of our region, there are two large sites that can be definitely dated to this period. I am speaking of the oppida at Bükkszentlászló-Nagysánc and Gallis and Lovacska. However, the evaluation of these two sites is very difficult. Excavations near Munkács were conducted mostly at the end of the 19 th c. and the beginning of the 20 th c. Tivadar Lehoczky, who investigated these sites, preserved only some characteristic pieces from the great amount of pottery; the majority of ceramics was discarded. At the same time, he made detailed and accurate observations at the site and published a precise account of the material. Unfortunately, at that time according to the methods of the age - no maps of the excavations or drawings of the features were made. That makes any determination of the chronology of the settlement very difficult. (I note here that the identification of the location of certain features and the material belonging to them is in progress on the basis of old cadastral maps and Tivadar Lehoczky's articles and hand-written field diary.) In Bükkszentiászló excavations were conducted in the 1930s and 1950s, but today, as a result of continuous and intensive agricultural activity, the territory is so eroded that we were able to identify only 1 or 2 uncertain features (HELLEBRANDT 1992, 37, 40). Due to the facts listed above, the material of both sites allows us to reach only general conclusions. In any event, we can assume that the forms of vessels customary in the 3 rd-2 nd c. B.C. continued to exist, and only the appearance of several new types and some small variations and changes of proportions indicate the chronological difference. Among the new forms we should mention big storage vessels with everted, horizontal and profiled rims and rectangular knob handles on the sides, wheel-made bowls with inverted rims and also wheel-made bowls with wide everted rims. Similar forms can be observed in the LT oppidum at Zemplén as well. In the LT material from Kállósemjén we also mostly encounter forms known from earlier times. Among them, bowls with everted rims, conical necks and biconical lower parts and large biconical bowls with everted rims can be mentioned (fig. 6). At the same time we find in this material fragments of wheel-made bowls with inverted rims and a small biconical bowl with an angled profile (fig. 7). A wheel-made bowl with a widely everted rim was found in the humus layer. These refer to a later period. Pieces similar to the bowl with the everted rim are found not only in the Celtic material, but also in Dacian pottery (DAICOVICIU 1964, 120; URSACHI 1995, pi. 114; CRIÇAN 1969, pl. LXXXI: 1, 5, LXXXII: 1). In conclusion, we can assume that only a slight change can be observed in the LT material of this village-like settlement. Some of the forms that were customary in the oppida were adopted here, but otherwise the old familiar types of vessels were used. This is especially true in the case of regions such as the one under discussion here, Nyírség, which was situated at the periphery of the Celtic territory, topographically separated. This assumption is supported by the fact that LTC forms are also found among the finds of the Sarmatian settlements from the 3 rd-4 th c. That is to say, they
