Istvánovits Eszter (szerk.): A nyíregyházi Jósa András Múzeum Évkönyve 55. (Nyíregyháza, 2013)
A 2010. október 11-14. között Nyíregyházán és Szatmárnémetiben megtartott Vándorló és letelepült barbárok a kárpáti régióban és a szomszédos területeken (I-V. század) Új leletek, új értelmezések című nemzetközi régészeti konferencia anyagai - Piotr Kaczanowski - Judyta Rodzinska-Nowak: Hunok lengyel földön - kísérlet az összefoglalásra
Sorin Bulzan Surface structures Surface structures became a major objective of the research after the occurrence of the large number of postholes, but, in my opinion, due to the stratigraphical situation of the site, with not entirely satisfactory results. We could not determine exactly from which phase of the building a posthole came and all that we could do was to follow the clearest alignment for wooden pillar holes. Still, considering the situation of the holes for wooden pillars, we can distinguish two main ways in which these features were used. 1. In some cases the postholes show relationship with the deepened structures (Fig. 3: 4-5), situated in their close proximity, showing more or less regular ground plans. Usually it is difficult to separate deepened and surface features, and they must be interpreted as combined type of techniques used for one or more buildings to create an entire household. It is difficult to determine the function of these complex structures, and in some cases, it is possible only based on to the artefacts discovered inside the territory marked by the postholes. The situation is different when the rows of the postholes enclosed some kind of yards around the deepened features. In this case the distance between the holes is different comparing to the previous situation. At the present stage of the research we cannot talk about the internal disposition of these features within the settlement and classify it as an ensemble of yard and household, which is more plausible, or about e.g. a settlement with a central “place”.2 2. In certain cases surface structures may properly show the outline of buildings (Fig. 3: 2, 3) sometimes supplied with deepened fireplace. In these cases the postholes enclosed elongated rectangular surfaces marked by 2, 3 or 4 rows of pillars. Sometimes the shape of the wooden pillars was preserved and shown by grey ash spots. This kind of buildings seemed to be specific for Germanic wooden constructions (Pfostenbauen) with an elongated ground plan (Hallenhäuser). In some cases, the long side of these buildings reached 10 m. In North-West Romania and North-East Hungary this type of buildings is already known from recently published excavations at Zaläu Bulevardul Mihai Viteazul (Stanciu-Matei 2004.) Berveni and Csengersima-Petea (Gindele 2002.). They spread from Northern Europe transmitted by the Przeworsk culture (Stanciu-Matei 2004. with references, Gindele—Istvánovits 2009. 16sqq.). fn another case, the arrangement of postholes might indicate fence structures for domestic animals. Deepened structures The deepened houses (in fact, only semi-subterranean) were rectangular with round shaped comers or irregular in shape (Fig. 4). The houses can be recognised on the basis of the size and shape of these structures, and mainly judging from the existence of fireplace, but all these arguments can sometimes be insufficient for the attribution of the features. There were 10 deepened houses among the features of the site. However, house no. 1, for example, can be classified as a special type of feature, a so-called Stallgrube. In this case, the building had a fireplace. This type of building was usually interpreted as storehouse, but it was also supposed to be used for dwelling in the Roman Period (Vörös 1984/85. 96). Sometimes the houses gradually deepened down to the depth of 70 cm (the bottom of a suggested fireplace of dwelling no. 4 - Fig. 5), but usually their depth varied between 12 and 2 For discussion on internal organisation of the settlements of the Przeworsk Culture in the territory of Poland, see Michalowski 2003. 185sqq. 456
