Istvánovits Eszter (szerk.): A nyíregyházi Jósa András Múzeum Évkönyve 55. (Nyíregyháza, 2013)
A 2010. október 11-14. között Nyíregyházán és Szatmárnémetiben megtartott Vándorló és letelepült barbárok a kárpáti régióban és a szomszédos területeken (I-V. század) Új leletek, új értelmezések című nemzetközi régészeti konferencia anyagai - Gheorghe Alexandru Niculescu: Az etnikaijelenségek régészeti kutatása és a társadalomtudományok
Boris Raev Fig 6 The upper part of a grey burnished jug from the “princely” grave near Lipeck (after Medvedev-Safonov-Matveev 2008. Fig. 80: 1). 6. kép A Lipeck környékén előkerült “fejedelmi” sírban talált szürke, korongolt, simított korsó felső része Jugs with attached rolls in the shapes of tamgas had spread far beyond the steppe zone. In 2006, a rich Sarmatian kurgan was excavated in the Lipeck district located 350 km south of Moscow, in the European forest zone. A grey burnished jug with attached décor similar to those that can be seen on the jugs of the Kazanskij-1 settlement was found in a rich woman’s grave (Medvedev- Safonov-Matveev 2008. 117, Fig. 80: 1). (Fig. 6) This type of pottery had not been used widely by the inhabitants of the Kazanskij-1 settlement; its ratio does not exceed 0.1-0.2 percent of the whole collection. So far, it is impossible to say, whether this pottery was made for nomads by order, or its presence at the settlement points to other types of contacts. The second source for the reconstruction of the connections between the nomads and the sedentary tribes, are the data of the related sciences, ethnology in the first place. Due to the depressed nomadic economy, the ethnographic parallels and historical sources can be used for the examination of the relationship between the nomads and the “external world” (Hazanov 2000.). It seems that the nomads of the Kuban region (Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans) used the tribute model of interaction (Kradin 2007a. 156, Kradin 2007b. 177) with the farming Maeotian population. It is confirmed by topography of the rich kurgans erected by the nomads near the Maeotian “settlement belt,” and also by the fill of the layers on the settlements. There are no traces of fire and destructions in these layers that could be connected with the military activities of the nomads. This type of dependency is characteristic for the settled population without state structure (Hazanov 2000. 356ff.). We can speak, perhaps, about another model: the long-distance exploitation of the surrounding Classical world carried out together with the military groups of the Maeotian tribes. The aforedescribed grey burnished ware decorated with the attached rolls in the shapes of the tamgas provides evidence for dynastic marriages that is an essential attribute of the relations of the first model. A unique representation of a tamga had been chiselled on whetstones, one found in a rich nomadic burial from the early-2nd century AD (KonchukohabF; Fig. 7: 1), another one in a layer of the Kazanskij-1 settlement (Fig. 7: 2). The history of the Maeotian tribes in the Kuban region was full of events, which are hard to explain and which had not been mentioned in ancient sources but can be traced in archaeological materials. We mean the synchronous emergence of similar settlements on the banks of the Lower Don and in the Don Delta. The earliest settlements, Podazovskij and Krepostnoj, appeared at 386
