A Nyíregyházi Jósa András Múzeum évkönyve 44. (Nyíregyháza, 2002)

Régészet - †Ivan Popovich: A multilevel settlement at village Baranincy/Baranya in the Transcarpathian Region

Ivan Popovich Age feature, because the black fill of the Gáva pit and that of the feature of Roman Age made a homogenous colour. However, the finds, among them pottery, gave a possibility for clear differentiation. The upper part of the fill of the eastern part of the feature was accompanied by ceramic fragments corresponding to the Roman Age. In the rest of the feature pottery with expressive Gáva characteristics was found. No expressive fragments of Roman Age came to light, so their chronological situation could be determined only on the basis of the composition of the clay and other morphological features. The pottery of the Gáva Culture is represented by a significant number of fragments. A lot of them, 52 pieces belong to the black smoothed amphora the lower part of which could be restored. In the literature such vessels are known as urns of pseudoVillanova type. We have to underline that in these features among the fragments of vessels of this type both black smoothed and brown smoothed pieces were found. The restored amphora has a strongly profiled everted rim, high cylindrical neck, strongly widening body the walls of which incline towards the plain bottom (pi. VIII). Some fragments have a rib like decoration, but they belong to another vessel. Single fragments of a pseudoVillanova type urn are met almost on every settlements of the Gáva Culture in the Transcarpathian Region. The earliest variant comes from the settlement in village Chopivci/Csapolc (POTUSHNIAK 1958. 66). Vessels preserved in one piece were found in Mukachevo/Munkács (ZATLUKÁL-ZATLUKÁL 1937. 21. kép), and in village Petrovo/Tiszapéterfalva (POPOVICH 1990. 134, ris. 45: 2). Urns of pseudoVillanova type are widely spread in the Carpathian-Danubian region. From chronological point of view the earliest types of this form correspond to period BD by Reinecke, the latest survived up to period HaB (KEMENCZEI 1984. 64). Researchers separated several variants of the pseudoVillanova urns. On the territory of the Gáva Culture the second, younger type of these urns was spread. According to T. Kemenczei, the earliest pieces are met together with the pottery of the Piliny Culture, the second variant characterises the early phase of the Gáva Culture (KEMENCZEI 1984. 65). Our find must be synchronised with the latter variant. A rather numerous group is composed by bowls, two types of which come from the investigated feature. The first group includes bowls with everted rim, well separated neck and half-spherical body (pi. IX: 1). This form of bowls is met in the sites of different cultural groups of the Late Bronze Age, among them in the Gáva Culture. T. Kemenczei on the basis of the finds from the cemetery of Taktabáj assumed that this kind of bowls existed during the whole period of the culture (KEMENCZEI 1984. 67). Bowls with inverted rim represent the second type in which several variants can be separated. The first variant includes bowls with well separated rim (pi. IX: 2-3). Their appearance is connected with the western part of the Carpathian Basin, with the pottery industry of the late Tumulus Culture and the early phase of the Urafield (Urnenfelder) Culture. Later this type of bowls spread east of the Danube. The second variant is represented by bowls with rounded rim and half-spherical body (pi. IX: 5). Among expressive shapes of the kitchenware we have to mention tulip shaped pots with slightly everted rim, hardly noticeable neck and slim, slightly rounded body (pi. IX: 4). The form of the pot is met in the Carpathian-Danubian region during the whole period of the Bronze Age. Feature 2, square E-8 (fig. 2). The double pit was directed east-west. Its utmost length was 1.3 m. The southern wall was destroyed by a drainage ditch. The eastern part of the pit was 64