A Nyíregyházi Jósa András Múzeum évkönyve 44. (Nyíregyháza, 2002)

Régészet - Zsolt Székely: Ethnocultural interferences and interpenetrations in South-Eastern Transylvania in the Bronze Age

Zsolt Székely of the penetration of Globular amphorae groups in the Ciuc Basin. These Volhyno-Podolian communities from the north-west, penetrated to the territory of Moldavia after Cucuteni (B2) Culture together with the south-eastern Usatovo community formed the Horodi§tea-Erbiceni Culture (DINU 1968.). The tribes representing the Globular Amphora Culture penetrated in the late phase of their evolution and occupied the north-eastern part of Moldavia up to Piatra Neamt and Galati (ROMAN 1981. 38) at the settlement from Folte§ti, to south. These communities integrated in the transition process, like the Zimnicea-Mläjet-Sänzieni-Turia type, and they may have contributed to the later formation of Schneckenberg Culture from south-east of Transylvania and that of Schneckenberg B - Jigodin Culture from Ciuc Basin (SZÉKELY 2000B.). As a result of the appearance of these cultural manifestations the first ethnocultural elements of Zäbala type appear, which characterise the Early Bronze Age from subphase lb (ROMAN 1986. 31). The cultural group of Zäbala has clear analogies in the south-east of Romania and the north-east of Bulgaria. It is a southern penetration having the best analogies in the material of the cemetery from Zimnicea (ALEXANDRESCU 1974. 79-93), but with a few local features (SZÉKELY 1997.).The finds from Livezile represent southern penetrations similar to Zäbala. Both are local variations of southern penetrations, the cultural group Zäbala being much earlier. Phases A and B of the Schneckenberg Culture are most representative for the second period of the Early Bronze Age from the south-east of Transylvania. Its spreading area is limited to south and south-east of Transylvania. During this period Group Jigodin develops in Ciuc Basin, which is contemporary with the Schneckenberg B and the finds of Bogdäne§ti type. This subphase is synchronous with the late phase of the Cotofeni Culture, the late period of the Vucedol Culture, Bosaca groups, Ezero phase B

1, Thessalic and the Early Helladic III, Troya IV (ROMAN 1986. 31). According to the material found at Odaia Turcului (TUDOR 1982. 59-75) the conclusion is that this subphase is much older than the eldest manifestations of the Monteoru Culture and represents phase II of the Early Bronze Age. The stone-cist grave under the tumulus from Moac§a-Eresteghin (SZÉKELY 1980. 41^47), with pottery of Milo§tea type belongs to the last phase, which may be contemporary with the Näieni-Schneckenberg phase and with the graves from north of central Wallachia, and the group of Belotic-Belo Crkvay-Makó, Vinkovci-Somogyvár. In our opinion, some potsherds belonging to the Monteoru IC4 and IC3 (ZAHARIA 1990. 34.) Culture, discovered at the Schneckenberg site area, represent elements in forms and ornament, which developed from a common substratum. Between the Schneckenberg assemblages of Näieni type and tumulus cemeteries from Moac§a-Eresteghin, before the emergence of the cultural complex of "Costi§a-Ciomortan-Komarow-Bialy Potok'-Monteoru IC3 there can be dated the finds from Zoltán (c. Ghidfaläu, Covasna county), which can be contemporary with the Iernut type finds, characterised with the general occurence of pottery with striated and textile ornaments (VLASSA-RUSU-PROTASEHOREDT 1966., CAVRUC 1997.). The first phase of the development of the Middle Bronze Age in South-Eastern Transylvania is represented by the Ciomortan Culture or cultural group, which belongs to the "Costi$a-Ciomortan-Komarow-Biary Potok" cultural complex. It is known from the settlement of Ciomortan-Päuleni, Poian, Säntionlunca, Peteni (SZÉKELY 1997. 80), Zoltán (CAVRUC 40