A Nyíregyházi Jósa András Múzeum évkönyve 36. - 1994 (Nyíregyháza, 1995)

István Vörös: Animal husbandry and hunting in the Middle Neolithic settlement at Tiszavasvári-Deákhalmi dűlő (Upper Tisza region)

Animal husbandry and hunting in the Middle Neolithic ... Dnieper valley: E Sulaievo (BIBIKOVA 1986.164.), E Surski II. (BIBIKOVA 1986.164.), E Sobachki (BIBIKOVA 1986.165.), E Sredni Stog (BIBIKOVA 1986.165.), E Viunishche (PIDOPLICHKO 1956.170.), E H Igreni VII-X. (PIDOPLICHKO 1956.16-17, 22.), E Voloshke XI. (PIDOPLICHKO 1956.17-18.), E Mikolske HI. (PIDOPLICHKO 1956.26.), Bug valley: E Basikov II (TRINGHAM 1969.Fig.6.), Azov ridge: E H Privolnoe (PIDOPLICHKO 1956.52.), E H Kamennaia Mogila I-III (PIDOPLICHKO 1956.54-55., TRINGHAM 1969 Fig.5.), E H Fiedorovka (PIDOPLICHKO 1956.57.), E Kruglik II (TRINGHAM 1969.Fig.5.), E Zhdanov (PIDOPLICHKO 1956:114.) E Sviatogorsk (PIDOPLICHKO 1956.117.), Crimea: E Tash Aiir (TRINGHAM 1969.Fig.6.), Moldova: E H Novi Rusesti I (MURRAY 1970.Tabl.Nr.36

.), Roumanian Moldva: E Traian-Deaulul Fintlnilor (NECRASOV-HAIMOVICI 1962.a.26l-266.), E Traian-Deaulul Viei (NECRASOV-HAIMOVICI 1970.59-66.), Roumanian Dobrudzha: E H Techiorghiol (NECRASOV-HAIMOVICI 1960.355-375.; 1962.a.l80. Tabl.IIL, Pl.III.1-5.), H Cernavoda (NECRASOV-HAIMOVICI 1959.a.l37-148.), H Limanu (RADULESCO-SAMSON 1965.219-), Bulgarian Dobrudzha H Durankulak (NOBIS 1986.b.l95.; 1986.a. footnote 2.), E H Ovcharovo gorata (NOBIS 1986.a.5., Abb.l, footnote 2.), Muntenia (Danube valley): E Bogata (NECRASOV-HAIMOVICI 1959.b.l27-130., P1.I.5.), E Boian A (BOLOMEY 1966.27-34.), E Tangíru (NECRASOV-HAIMOVICI 1959-C.561-570., P1.III.2.), Iron Gate (Danube valley): H Gornea-Cäunita de Sus (EL SUSI 1985.), Sava valley: E Gomolava (CLASON 1979.47., Tabl.1-2.; 1988.), CaqDathian basin: E Aggtelek-Baradla barlang (VÖRÖS 1981.50.), E Szerencs-Taktaföldvár (VÖRÖS 1981.50.; 1986.102., 108-109.), E Bodrogkeresztúr-Kutyasor (VÖRÖS 1981.50.), E Zalkod-Kálvária domb (VÖRÖS 1981.52.), E Oros II (VÖRÖS 1981.50.), E Tiszadada-Kálvinháza (VÖRÖS 1981.52.), E Tiszavasvási-Deákhalmi dűlő, E Tiszapolgár-Basatanya (BÖKÖNYI 1959-50.), E Tiszaigar-Csikóstanya (BÖKÖNYI 1959-56., footnote 52.), E Kisköre-Gát (VÖRÖS 1981.50.), E Berettyóújfalu-Herpály (BÖKÖNYI 1959-55.), E H Biharea (Bihar, Roumania; JURCSÁK 1974.328-329-), E Boiu (Mezőbaj, Roumania; JURCSÁK 1974.329-), E Dévaványa-Simasziget (BÖKÖNYI 1974.358.), H Öcsöd-Kováshalom (BÖKÖNYI 1985.270.), E H Szegvár-Tűzköves (BÖKÖNYI 1959-48.; VÖRÖS 1981.46.), H Lebő A (BÖKÖNYI 1957.66-70.), E H Csóka-Kremenyák (Coka, Vojvodina, Serbia; VÖRÖS 1981.51.), E Pomáz-Zdravlyák (BÖKÖNYI 1959-52.), H Aba-Felsőszentiván (VÖRÖS 1981.44.), E Sümeg-Mogyorósdomb (BÁCSKAY-VÖRÖS 1980.42.; VÖRÖS 1981.52.), E Stúrovo (Párkány, Slovakia, AMBROS 1986.16.), E Győr-Pápai vám (BÖKÖNYI 1959.51.), Nitra valley (Slovakia): E Nitra-Luzianky (AMBROS 1986.16.), E Surány-Nitriansky Hrádok (AMBROS 1986.16.), Region of lake Fertő: H Donnerskirchen (Austria, PUCHER 1991.), Southern Moravia: H Mikulov-Jeleni luka (KRATOCHVIL 1973.195-201.), Bohemia: H Chotébudice (RULF 1983-43-), E H Babice (WILLMS 1989.147., footnote 19.), South Germany (Danube valley): E H Künzing-Unternberg (OTT-LUY 1988.105-108. ) The 185 mm long metacarpus (Fdnr.1/48) from osteometrical point of view suits to the sizes of the Hemionus, but also to the mc sizes of the Eastern Mediterranian modern domestic ass (DAVIS 1976.158., Tabl.4.). E Ehrenstein (SCHECK 1977.35-37.), Middle Gennan region: E Aislingen (MURRAY 1970Tabl.Nr.29-), E Ballenstedt (MURRAY 1970. Tabl.Nr.29-), E Halle-Trotha (MÜLLER 1964.Nr.49-), E Hohlstedt (MÜLLER 1964.Nr.97

.), E H? Grossörner (MÜLLER 1964.Nr.51

., 56.; VÖRÖS 1981.60.), E Korner (MÜLLER 1964.Nr.126

.), E Magdeburg-Prester (MÜLLER 1964.Nr.4.), E Miiddersheim (MURRAY 1970. Tabl.Nr.29

.), E Polleben (MÜLLER 1964.Nr.44

.), E Tröbsdorf (MÜLLER 1964.Nr.88

.), E Zauschwitz (MÜLLER 1964.Nr.141

.), E Zehbitz (MÜLLER 1964.Nr.79-). Remains of wild equida have been found in the second half of the Neolithic, in 72 settlements of Eastern and Central Europe: wild horse at 62 sites, kulan at 21 sites. Wild horse and kulan together were found at 13 settlements in the valleys of Eastern Europe, in the region of the Black and Azov See, in the Tisza-Körös-Berettyó valley of the Carpathian basin and in the Danube valley of South Gennany. Besides these ones an Equus seu Hemionus from Bohemia and a Hemionus (?) from Middle Germany are known. According to a dogmatic statement of the Hungarian archaeozoology the Pleistocene wild horse (Equus sp.) did not survive the end of the Pleistocene, but the Pleistocene wild ass, the "Asinus hydruntinus" (half-ass, sic!) did and became one of the "leading fossils" of the Early Neolithic (BÖKÖNYI 1954., BÖKÖNYI 1959-, BÖKÖNYI 1974., BÖKÖNYI 1978.a, BÖKÖNYI 1987.). This statement is definitely refuted by the Equid finds (BÖKÖNYI 1959., VÖRÖS 1981., VÖRÖS 1987.). The denial of the existence of Mezolithic-Neolithic "authentic horse" in Hungary is the result of incorrect factual, verbal and logical consequnce: 1. More than 80 Equus finds from the present 20 Hungarian sites - even if an eventual microstratigraphic revision would make the chronology of some finds discussable - unanimously show that this species was the member of the wild mammal fauna of the Early Holocene. 2. Examining the general context of the denial of the "authentic horse" we can assume the following: the first misunderstanding is caused by the inconsistent use or the lack of the attribute domestic (= domesticated) and wild. During the presentation and analyses of the Hungarian domestic animal stock ("fauna") it could be stated as a fact, that the horse (= domestic horse!) was absent (BÖKÖNYI 1974.26., 28., in the case of the Lengyel Culture wrongly listed as a Copper Age Culture 30.). This is true, the domestic horse could not be present among the Neolithic domestic animals in Hungary 2-3000 years earlier than its conventionally agreed time of domestication. But the wild horse was present in the wild fauna! 3- According to our present knowledge none of the members of the Late Pleistocene big mammal fauna "survived" the end of the Pleistocene. During the change of fauna in the Early Holocene Mediterranian (Ponto-Mediterranian) Sarmatian subprovincial species appeared: instead of Bison the Bos; instead the Rangifer the Cervus and Capreolus; instead of Equus germanicus the Equus ferus gmelini, and the Hemionus and Sus came to the territory. Being aware of certain details of the Pleistocene-Holocene fauna change in the Carpathian basin (VÖRÖS 1981., VÖRÖS 1983-, VÖRÖS 1986., VÖRÖS 1987.) it is not surprising that we find in Hungary the remains of Equus hemionus "hydruntinus" (NOBIS 1986Tb.) from the Mediterranian subprovince, Equus hemionus ssp. from Ponto-Mediterranian subprovince and wild horse Equus ferus gmelini from Sannatian subprovince. In the wann-arid period that started at the beginning of Atlanticum II a fauna migration in E-W direction determined by the climate can be traced. First the Equidae from Sarmatian subprovince got across the Danube valley as far as the Rhine, later the Ponto-Mediterranian aurochs and wild boar; they were followed by the Caucasian maral (=deer) and bison in the Carpathian basin. The beast of prey, the Persian lion made our wild fauna more variegated from the end of the Neolithic up to the middle of the Copper Age (VÖRÖS 1981., VÖRÖS 1983., VÖRÖS 1987.). Jósa András Múzeum Évkönyve 1994 175