Somogyi Múzeumok Közleményei 13. (1998)

Honti Szilvia - Kiss Viktória: A mészbetétes kerámia kultúrája korai időszakának leletei Somogy megyében

67 Finds of the Early phase of the Transdanubian Incrusted Pottery culture in county Somogy Szilvia Honti - Viktória Kiss At the beginning, the finds of the Incrusted Pottery Culture were grouped on the basis of their regional separation.

52 Later the chronological separation of the finds was also done. Based on the cemetery in Királyszentistván, István Bona separated three phases of the Northern-Transdanubian group,

53 whereas István Torma separated the incrusted finds of the SouthernTransdanubia into an older and a younger phase based on the finds in Szakály.

54 The process of the culture's formation itself was also cleared up by the research work: I. Torma, M. Csányi and the authors of the present article proved that the Kisapostag culture was its genetic predecessor; they called the transition phase between the two cultures late Kisapostag-early Incrusted Pottery or Kisapostag 3 phase. So in Southem-Transdanubia, the finds characteristic of the formation of the culture are known and so are the finds characteristic of the early and late periods of the already developed culture. In Northern-Transdanubia, the Királyszentistván phases separated by István Bona are ranked among the classic period nowdays. The finds between the latter one and the developing period have not been defined so far. The grave groups, which were discovered in Juta and Vörs and are published here, fit right into this period. Part of the vessel forms and ornamenting elements show connection with the early Transdanubian Incrusted Pottery finds better known from the territory of the southern group. Besides that, we can meet new forms and ornamenting techniques, which point towards the classical phase of the NorthernTransdanubian group, besides the scattered occurrence of the vessel forms of the southern group. Certain cups (PI. III. 2-3, PI. IV. 1-4, PI. VII. 4), dishpans (PI. I. 3, PI. III. 1, 4-5) and pans (PI. I. 6, PI. IV. 2) show the traditions of the previous period. Their more developed forms can also be found in the graves, so we can trace the development of the new, classical forms of Incrusted Pottery, for example the development of the funnel-necked and bell-shaped cups (PI. VII. 1, PI. VIII. 4, PI. X. 4) into the S-profile cups (PI. IX. 2-3, PI. X. 5) characteristic of the northern Incrusted Pottery group. In the same way, new types are formed from the homogeneous dishpan form characteristic of the Kisapostag culture, such as the huge, four-handled dishpans (PI. II. 2-4, PI. XII. 2) feature of the northern Incrusted Pottery group, or the immediate precedents of the deep, dishes with handles (PI. X. 1-2, 8). The ornament, which appears on the most various dishforms, and is accompanied by zigzag lines covering the rim, the shoulder and the belly of the vessels and which often consists of zigzag edged, wide, horizontal and vertical incrusted strips, is the feature of definitely this period. The technique of the creating of the place of incrustation also reflects the development: the reeled sticks technique is forced into the background, it only occurs in the ornamenting of the rim of the vessels. The ornaments on the vessels of the graves in Juta were created mainly by pushing the end of a flat tool, but the smoothing of the place of incrustation into the surface also appears and becomes dominant on the vessels of Vörs. The new ornamenting motifs are the grooving of the rim of the vessels and the net-patterned ornamenting of their bottom. The line and bar patterns, which are shaped from thin lines often combined with pricked dots and which are so characteristic of the developed northern Incrusted Pottery group, appears only in the CXXI grave in Vörs. Only among the Juta finds can we find some typically Southern-Danubian forms, such as small mugs (PI. I. 2, PI. VI. 4), handled cup (PI. VI. 7), barrelshaped dishes ornamented with serried lines (PI. VII. 2). For the dating of the grave groups in Juta, those few vesselforms provide us a certain base whose exact parallels we can find in other groups of finds. The traditional Kisapostag mugs (PI. III. 2-3, PI. IV. 1-4, PI. VII. 4) in grave No. 5 of the early southern Incrusted Pottery group in Szakály can be found, the mugs having a funnel-like rim and a rich ornamentation of incrusted strips can be found in the Nyergesújfalu graves ranked among the younger period of the Tokod group. The exact equivalent of the pipe-foot mugs (PI. VI. 1-3) that can be perceived as the early relative of the so called egg-cups can be found in the same place. The new vesselforms appearing in the Vörs graves, the S-profile mugs (PI. IX. 2-3, PI. X. 5),the frustum cone lid (PI. XI. 5) and the deep dishes with handles (PI. X. 1-2, but mainly PI. X. 8) all show that these grave groups (particularly the CXXI. grave in Vörs) stand very close to the elder period of the Királyszentistván cemetery. By means of the finds from Vörs and Juta, the forms and ornaments characteristic of the early phase of the Transdanubian Incrusted Pottery culture could be defined. Apart from that, the examination of the finds also proved that the Northern-Transdanubian Incrusted Pottery group lived not only at the southern coast of the Lake Balaton in Somogy county,

79 but also more south of the lake, along the river Kapos.

80 Finally we would like to mention a few words about a very special portrayal. On the bigger urn of the CXXI grave in Vörs, we can find the schematic portrayal of a stylized human figure. The pattern engraved into the shoulder of the vessel is the same as the form of the bronze pendants imitating a human figure, on the vessel in Vörs the two eyes are also marked. This portrayal is regarded by research the "female equivalent" of the stylized male form that can be perceived as comb pendants.

92 The Vörs portrayal besides the portrayal of comb hangers appearing on some of the vesseles of the Northern-Transdanubian groups (Nagylók, Mosonszentmiklós, Siófok-Balatonszéplak)

9496 - proves that the bronze pendants used as amulets or votiv jewelry do have their portrayals contemporary with their use, not only on the woman idols known from the later Dubovác-Zuto Brdo culture living in the territory of Alduna.

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