Ábrahám Levente (szerk.): Válogatott tanulmányok 13. - Natura Somogyiensis 28. / Miscellanea 13. (Kaposvár, 2016)
Sándor A.–Csikász T-Farkas S.–Rácz T.–Sárospataki M.: Preliminary semi-field study ont he effect of the neonicotinoid containing seed dressings to honeybees as pollinator in sunflower
34 Natura Somogyiensis pie some mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians as well. Consequently that any insecticide, which drastically reduces the number of pollinators have a huge impact on the agricultural sector and ultimately affect the healthy functioning of ecosystems (The Wildlife Trusts Position Statement, 2012). Farmers can act more effectively against the pests and pathogens of crops owing to the development of crop protection. The range of the chemicals used - pesticides -, fungicides, insecticides, herbicides are increasing day by day. The active components of pesticides is checked by the European Commission, but the application- and usage control carried out by the individual Member States (Responsibility for Pesticides, 2009). All the hazardous materials to the bees can only be used under strict control (Maini et al. 2010, Marzaro et al. 2011). Sown seed dressing is one of the starter, chemical steps in the arable plant protection, which is a defending device against soil pests and designed to protect seedlings. According to some views the so-called neonicotinoid containing seed dressings can be held responsible for the formation of the so-called Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) (Wenner and Bushing, 1996). CCD is a new, widely spread disorder in the Northern Hemisphere, in which bees suddenly disappear from one day to the next, leaving all the food, as well as the broods in the hive (Schacker 2008). This problem also makes mysterious that often they are found any dead individuals, although it is often a lot of pathogen are present in the colonies, they did not show the symptoms of diseases, pests, or parasitism. There are many theories to explain this phenomenon. A long list of biological, chemical and environmental stress factors have been associated with CCD, including Varroa mites (Cox-Foster et al. 2007, Blanchard et al. 2008, De Miranda et al. 2010), Nosema ceranae (Higes et al. 2008) and the regular contact with neonicotinoid insecticides (Girolami et al. 2009, Maini et al. 2010). The enterprise-wide beekeeping with migratory practices, where are often moed the hives to new pollinating location and long distances can also as well as inadequate and monoculture nutrition be made responsible for the formation CCD (Spivak et al. 2011). The sudden appearance of the phenomenon in the United States in 2006-2007 and later in other countries made it probable, that it is a worldwide problem. In some European countries, the growing concern about the link between neonicotinoids and CCD led to the partial or full ban on some neonicotinoid (Chang et al. 2013, Commission Implementing Regulation 2013). Seed dressings containing neonicotinoid active ingredients protect against a number of species of ground dwelling, piercing-sucking and chewing pests (wireworm, larva of each bollworms, com rootworm, aphids and cicadas) (Altmann 2003, Marzaro et al. 2011, Elbert et al. 1998, Nauen et al. 2003). Their spectrum of acting is very wide. By stone fruits, apple types, citrus types, grapes, horticulture and industrial crops and ornamentals are those alike regularly use. By seed dressing neonicotinoids may reach the stem, the leaf tips and later the flowers - the nectar and the pollen as well (Blacquiére et al. 2012) - too. Those insects which eat this plant, are destroyed; however, bees, bumble bees, hoverflies, butterflies collecting contaminated pollen and nectar, may be poisoned too (Mason et. al. 2013). The acting mechanism of neonicotinoids is based on their irreversible block in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of insects as agonist in the postsynaptic side (150 values: 1 nM), stopped this impulses, causing death of the insect (Nauen et al. 2003; Tomizawa and Casida 2005, Maccagnani et al. 2008, Muccinelli 2008, Laurino et al. 2010). A reduced dose can acting presumably by bees which does not cause mortality, but the bees will be more susceptible to certain diseases of bees (e.g. varroosis, nosemosis),
