Ikvai Nándor szerk.: Börzsöny néprajza (Studia Comitatensia 5. Szentendre, 1977)

Angol nyelvű ismertető

Sándor Szabó: Collection of local historic data of the region of the Börzsöny mountains On the basis of sources listed in the bibliography the author presents statistical data from the 18th century to the present day. The data concerning the life of the villages (population, religion, nationality, crops and livestock) help to understand the series of phenomena explored in the studies of this volume, on various sections of ethnography. István Szabó—László Szabó : The role of the woods in the life of the villages situated in the Ipoly valley after the abolition of serfdom The connection of the population of the villages with the woods is presented by the authors of this study with the help of peasants' recollections. Each of the villages had its own woods utilized by pasturing, masting the swine, plant gathering, hunting, bird-catching and tree-felling. The rights of utilization were regulated by contracts made with the landlords (later on with the commonage). The farmers had their share in the woods according to the extension of their unit of land held in villeinage. Tree-felling in capitalistic proportions started in the first decades of this century. In the villages the forest workers became specialized (carriers of felled wood, workers stacking -the wood, wood carters), and the wood industry developed. Gyula Kocsis—

Vera Nagy Varga: Keeping of animals at Perőcsény and Vámosmikola Archival data dating back to the 18th century give evidence of well developed animal keeping in these villages. As the yield of the meadows was always threatened by floods, they used sown fodder to a considerable extent as early as in the first half of the 19th century. In addition to sheep-breeding the fattening of cattle was of great importance and of a commercial character. Poultry and pigs were kept only for the household. Nándor Ikvai: Agriculture between the river Ipoly and the Börzsöny mountains Until the end of the 17th century the so-called „inner-fields" (the river valley and the hill-sides) were cultivated, mostly in two rotations of crops. As a result of the increase in the population after the Turkish wars the fields of the village were enlarged through clearings in the woods and meadows. The three-course rotation became general. They mostly cultivated wheat and fodder. It was about one hundred years ago that hoed plants occupied about one-third of the fields. About 1860 the ploughs made partly of iron became prevalent. About 1890 they already reaped with scythes instead of sickles; horse-drawn mechanical harvesters appeared about 1940. The grain was trodden out, only rye was threshed. Horse-driven threshers appeared in 1910, steam-threshers in 1920, tractors after 1930. Since 1950 combine-harvesters have been used. Storing the grain in pits dug into the earth is still within living memory. In general they keep the grain in wooden boxes built into the pantries. In the northern part of the region the fodder is stored up in barns while in other places it is 677