Rácz Tibor Ákos: A múltnak kútja. Fiatal középkoros regészek V. konferenciájának tanulmánykötete - A Ferenczy Múzeum kiadványai, A. sorozat: Monográfiák 3. (Szentendre, 2014)
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English Summaries Balázs Nagy The Results of the 2009 Rescue Excavation at the Renaissance Villa on the Tettye Square (Pécs, Baranya County) The bishopric villa was built on a plateau in Tettye (today part of the town of Pécs). The construction of the villa - possibly finished after 1509 — is conventionally dated to the reign of Bishop György Szatmári. The Renaissance villa, occupying an area surrounded by natural borders, consisted of four, one-storey wings arranged symmetrically around a closed, rectangular courtyard. The villa has survived in a relatively good condition, with walls still towering above the elevation level - except the southern room of the eastern wing. (Table 1, Figs. 1-3; Table 2, Figs. 1-4). The ground level walls are eighty centimetres, and the upper level walls are (mostly) seventy centimetres thick. The eastern range consisted of three rooms, out of which the northern one remained the most intact. In this room the ceiling was different, since there was a groined or a double barrel vault here. This vault is associated with the second phase of the Renaissance building, as the original ceiling was flat, resting upon beams (Table 1). The northern wing also consisted of three rooms, and the sockets of the beams could have been observed in each room (Table 1, Fig. 2). All the beams were bridging the shorter (6.5 metres long) side of the building. The western wing, unlike the other ones, was not divided into separate rooms. Later on, a transverse arch, and a bulkhead with a supporting arch were added (Table 2, Fig. 1; Table 5, Fig. 2). Within the framework of the Cultural Capital of Europe project in 2009, several public places and parks were also renovated in Pécs, and the Tettye-park was one among them. In order to conserve the southern part, the construction of a buttress was planned here. According to these plans, there was a watchtower to be built above the southern room of the eastern wing, whereas in the western wing facilities of theatre mechanics were to be established. Archaeological excavations have been conducted by the Field Service for Cultural Heritage, under the supervision of Zoltán Kárpáti. In the article the author presented the results of the 2009 as well as of the previous excavations in the light of historical data and the documentary evidence. The 2009 excavation was focusing on the area affected by the construction works, meaning the southern part of the eastern wing, the whole southern range, parts of the courtyard, and the western range (Table 5, Fig. 3). The available written sources date from 1536,1649, and 1690. Topographic maps and artistic representations were also very important to understand the history of the building as well as its environment. The task to reconstruct the Renaissance villa has attracted the attention of many scholars. The first archaeological investigation was done by Ferenc Fiilep in 1957. This excavation was focusing on the east wing, mostly on the northern half of it. The results have been published by Nándor Parádi in 1959. In 2003, there was a small scale rescue excavation due to risk prevention measures, and in 2004 László Gere conducted archaeological investigations focusing on the eastern and southern wings as part of a conservation plan. Two construction phases could have been clearly separated, in correlation with historical data. The first phase is the construction of the Renaissance villa, and the second phase is the establishment of the dervish monastery (tekke) (Table 6, Figs. 1—2). When looking at the ground plan of the Renaissance villa, it seems that features typical for the period are absent. On the ground level, there was only one room, where the design of the ceiling was different from that of the other rooms, and besides that, there was no sign of any loggia, which can be also ruled out in case of the elevation level, except the south wing. Over here, the south wall is forty-centimetre thick, rising 1.2 metres above the elevation wall. In all probability, there could have been a loggia here (Table 2, Fig. 3). It is important to note, that a baluster fragment also survived, which makes us believe that the upper floor was not only opening into a loggia on the outer side, towards south, but possibly also towards the courtyard, where the columns of the loggia could be supported by a balustrade. The ground floor, however, could have been built with a closed facade, as shown by the position of the staircase at the centre of the facade. Based on the excavation results and the present reconstruction of the building, outlined hereby, analogue examples can be found among palaces with closed courtyards. Observing the main structural elements, parallels are to be found among much earlier buildings as well, such as for example the Piccolomini palace in Pienza. In 1543 Pécs was taken by the Ottomans, however, it was not until the 1560s, the fall of Szigetvár castle that they began to colonize the outskirts of the town. They did a lot of alterations on the Jagiellonian building (Table 6, Figs. 1-2). The author’s interpretations here are based on archaeological observations and the results of scientific analyses. Construction works during the Ottoman period can be often characterized with a mixed wall technique. This can be 469
