Demény István: Dél-Amerika és az Antarktisz-félsziget (2008) / 1060-2008

Falkland Islands (UK) (Isias Malvinas) South Georgia Jason Islands Pebble Island Carcass Saunders Island^ island... West PointVx Island. West Falkland Welcome Islets Bahia Cape North Volunteer • Point Cape Buller South Georgia was first sighted in 1675 by Antonio de la Roche, a merchant from London. It was formally claimed for Great Britain by Captain James Cook in 1775, in the name of King George III. The island became a centre for first sealing and then whaling activities, until these resources had been practically wiped out. Happily, the seals have rebounded from near extinction and are now abundant. The whales in these waters, however, are still relatively scarce. South Georgia, though it has no permanent inhabitants, is a British Dependent Territory. Trinity Island Howari Church Bay Right Whale Bay New Island San Carlos 'Stanley Goose Green Rio Gallegos ARGENTINA Prince Olav Harbour "Weddell Be^fe,and Willis Islands Grande •' C-SUndine Cape Hartour Paryadin Wandering albatross 1090m Black-browed albatross Hercules Bay ^vWfeonWarburton Peak Harbour ^ M Cape Demidov Leith Stromness r Husvik > Rockhopper penguin Cape Meredith Ferdinand Magellan in 1520 discovered the narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean, and now bears his name. Although the Portuguese navigator was killed during the expedition, one of his ships was the first to complete a circumnavigation of the world. Saddle Island Busen Point Magellan Sea Lion Island 1219m A . < Mount & Cunningham KOHL -LARSEN PLATEAU Queen tylaud Bay Beauchéne Island 'Godthul Bay •"r* Cape George Mount Spaaman Mount Grant Isla Dosolación The Falkland Islands were first sighted in 1592 by John Davis, in the English sloop Desire, but the first known landing was by John Strong, who came ashore from Welfare, another English sloop. Although the islands were inhabited at various times by French, British, and Spanish, they were not permanently settled until 1833 when a British governor was installed. The Falklands (known in Argentina as the Isias Malvinas) remain a British colony. Magellanic penguin Glacier Punta Arena; Newark Houndßay 2323m South Georgia (UK) Tierra del Fuego The first non-Indian inhabitants of "the land of fire" were Anglican missionaries, who established a mission on the Beagle Channel in 1869. The first nonnative man to be born there was Thomas Bridges, in 1872. Argentina officially established the settlement of Ushuaia in 1884. • San Sebastian Mount Sugartop St Andrews Bay 2934m Annenkov Mount Cape' Darnley Cape Horn (above) was first rounded in 1616 by two Dutch merchants, Le Maire and Van Schouten, who were trying to find an alternative route to the Pacific and thus avoid paying fees to navigate the Strait of Magellan. They named it after Hoorn, their home town in the Netherlands. The cape is actually the southern point of Isla Hornos. It is Chilean territory, and has a small weather station manned by navy personnel. Cape Harcourt Rio Grande 'tviken '«ss^llacier 1881m Mount Brooker Undine South Harbour Cape Charlotte Brögger Tierra |del Fuego Annenkov Island Abandoned whale catcher at Grytviken Gold Harbour Pickersgill Islands 2196m King penguins Novosilski Glacier Ushuaia Mount Patterson Müller Point Harberton Cape Vahsel Isla Navarino Isla Londond Mount Carse Hoste .'„isla Ista" Nueva Lennox 30 Miles Recently explored. Antarctica is by far the least well known of all the world's land masses, and its discovery and exploration has been very recent. This continent, which covers about 10% of the earth's land surface, was not definitely sighted until 1820, and it was not until 1899 that the first men spent the winter there. In fact, only about 5% of the continent had been explored as recently as 1925, which is well within the memory of people living today. And even today, well under 200,000 people have ever set foot in Antarctica. Cooper Island Cape Disappointment The Beagle Channel was discovered in 1829-30 by the British naval officers William Parker in Adventure and Robert Fitzroy in Beagle. It was further surveyed in 1832-33 when Fitzroy returned in Beagle, on the famous voyage with Charles Darwin on board. Larsen Harbour Isias Wollaston 50 Kilometres SCALE: Approx 1: 800,000 LEGEND • Scientific Station (year-round) m Historic Hut 888m Mount Heights in metres Scott ° Isias Diego Ramirez Antarctic Convergence Sometimes called the Antarctic Polar Front, the convergence is a natural boundary between the cold, north-flowing Antarctic Surface Water and the relatively warm Subantarctic Surface Water. The Antarctic water is low in temperature and salinity, as a result of summer melting of sea ice and icebergs. It sinks to the bottom as it flows northward and plays a major role in governing the planet's climate. 'UMoqs SE 3JE SilpajD JaqJO neajng dujEig siuaSyuMO-Q oqa pus Xjoiijja^ niwjeiuy ijiiluy aqa jo uopejisiujujpy aql uiojj uoissjuijad qj|M paDnpojdaj ajE puE 'sdujEis aScasod uiojj s||Ejap ajE p|p>(!suapjO|\j puE 'aipE|jar) ap Iodjeiq jo sa3eui| -auirtpsui ipjEasay jE|cy mods - [y^S Usuaipjapna 8B|jaAJaipsinappns/|jaips - gAS/S :Xiapos |ED!qdEjSoae) qsinoas |e/oy - SDSM :ss

eW •wa|ES 'uinasnw xassg XpoqEaj :Xjejqr| ajnwy SUEA3 Xje[*j :smo||oj se ajE siipaja ||nj 'pajEiAajqqE uaaq aAeq sjajo|dxa jo sajnwid auios jcy siipaj^ Scot id. S O 3 Z-L-8T98ES6-0 N9SI •UMOqs 3J3L|M adaDxa ||OM.l!$ pSjfsj Xq sqdejSoioqd jn0|0^ •s/MnJ3 zi"| puE qSjnqua^ry nEag Xq sa;qdEj3o;q .sjajojdx^ uioD'sqqu'MMM :qa/\A >|n-OD-sqqu@sqqu :|iEUjg •>in 'UOA3Q 'sauiox'saHN ^ pajnqujsia sdE^g jajo|dxg uebdq ZOOZ © jqSuXdco uopipa pasiAay 'paiiiun (>m) SDiqdEjg^j Xq paDnpojj The Southern Ocean is the body of water lying south of the Antarctic Convergence, and sometimes called the Antarctic Ocean. It covers an area of about 35,000 sq. km. (13,500 sq. miles), or nearly 10% of the world's oceans, and contains the coldest and densest water on earth, with biological productivity that is the highest found anywhere. •uopESjAEU joj pasn sq }ou p|noqs puE X|uo sasodjnd lEuoriEiuasajdaj joj ajE Xaqx £661 aSpuqiuiQ '(»VDS) ipjrasa^ oijDjEiuy uo aauiuiuio;) Dijijuaps © asEqejEQ naiäiQ DUDjEiuy aqi jo aanpojd E 3je sdsui asaqj/DjqdEjSoajais JE|Oj Sj pasn uoQDalojd aqj_ iauuaj0|dxauea30@0^u! :|IELU3 wopSui» paiiun 'AN8 6

1 Od 'JajsaipuD sdE^g jajojdx^ ueaDQ ^ paqsjtqnd puE pajEaj^ Antarctic waters have been called the Kingdom of Krill, after the shrimplike crustaceans that dominate the Zooplankton. There are estimated to be some 600,000 billion krill in the Southern Ocean. They collectively weigh from 400-600 million tons, or much more than the entire human population of the earth. Krill is the primary food of millions of fishes, squids, some seals, penguins, albatrosses, petrels, and of course the mighty baleen whales. Nearly all the wildlife that visitors see is dependent on krill, either directly or indirectly. EjSjoac) qjnos puE 'spuE|S| puE|>||E-j aqi 'uEauEjjajjpai^i aqj 'ueaqque;} aip p scteiu aiE uoijEJEclajd u| £ uaSjaqzijds a^Dapjug puE sa^jEjuyajp 3>papjug (uEtujag uj) sn|d'jajo|dx3 DjjDJEjuy puE Uajo|dxg uaSjaqsjjdg'jajoidxg UEDuaoiymnos'jajo|dxg E>|SE|yapnpuj paqsj[qnd XpEajjE sap!j_ ® South Orkney Islands Coronation Island Powell I Laurie r\ • Island Signy Island Orcadas (Argentina) Elephant Island ,' Clarence Island The South Orkney Islands were discovered in 1821 by a British sealer, George Powell, who was sailing in company with the American, Nathaniel Palmer. Omond House, a small weather station established by Bruce's Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, was taken over (by mutual agreement) by the Argentine government in 1905, and renamed Orcadas. It is the longest running scientific station in Antarctica. Great Wall (China) Artigas (Uruguay) Bellingshausen (Russia) Frei (Chile) Gibbs Island South Shetland Islands King George Island,; izi Penguin Island %aowski (Poland) »i« Sejong (Korea) Robert <Ne|sbn Jubany(Argentina) SCALE: Approx 1: 2,750,000 Macaroni penguin Leopard seal 100 Miles Southern giant petrel Former whaling station, Deception Island IrArturo Prat (Chile) ^Greenwich Island Yankee Harbour Half Moon Island Livingston Island Chinstrap penguins 200 Kilometres VERGENCE ANTARCTIC CON Hannah Point Snow Island Users should appreciate that due to the curvature of the Earth's surface, the scale of this map will vary as distance is travelled in any direction. ,—. Baily Deception ; ^\Head Island Neptune's Bellows d'Urville Island Smith Island Emperor penguins Astrolabe Island Joinville Island Danger Islands arctic Circle Low Island EspertozgfÄrg&Kitina) Brown Bluff bundee Tower Island ^ <3 rO^ Bone Charcot) O B

ay ^ Paulet Island Trinity Island Andersson Island Elephant seals Non-breeding south polar skuas Blue-eyed cormorant Devil Island Vega Island Mikkelsen Harbour Adélie penguin Brabant Island James Ross Island ? Mararnbio (Argentina) Seymour Island No country owns Antarctica, but seven nations have claimed slices of the continent. These claims, three of which overlap, are shown on the map. When the Antarctic Treaty was signed in 1959 (it came into force in 1961) the claimant nations agreed to freeze or shelve their claims indefinitely. It is therefore contrary to the Treaty for its Parties to assert or support, but also to deny territorial claims. Hydrurga Rocks Anvers Island Cape Longing Two Hummock Island Snow Hill Island Dallmann Bay Palmerl The Treaty is a remarkably short and simple international agreement that has proved very successful in its aims. It covers all the area south of 60°S, including all ice shelves. Antarctica is to be used for peaceful purposes only, and all scientific information must be shared. All vessels and scientific stations must be open for inspection at any time. Nuclear explosions and disposal of nuclear waste are prohibited. Brabant Island Weddell seal ?srck Strait Melchior Islands Vfcape Fairweather Robertson Island Humpbai Several separate legal instruments have been agreed by Treaty nations, including an important convention on the conservation of marine living resources. In 1992 the Antarctic Treaty parties adopted a Protocol on Environmental Protection. This stipulates that all human activities must be planned on the basis of prior environmental impact assessments. Regulations on waste disposal, pollution, and wildlife conservation have been drawn up. And, most significantly, the Protocol introduces an indefinite ban on mineral exploitation. J- Vernadsky / (Ukraine) Gentoo penguins Cape Disappointment Renaud Island Approximate position only, limits change seasonally and annually Enterprisi Island j Fournier

f Bay

/ Nansen Island Anvers Island Cape Framness The following nations have all ratified or acceded to the Antarctic Treaty. Most of these have also signed the Environmental Protocol. Prospect 0 Poin

tr )Charlotte>Ome Harbour 2822m Fish Islands Wiihelmina Bay Lavoisier Island j Mount Francais Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, Ukraine, Uruguay, Venezuela. iverville Ii ANTARCTIC LOCATOR Rongé Island Bransfield House at Port Lockroy Gerlache Strait Danco Island Palmer (USA) Antarctic Circle Antarctic Arthur

. Harbour hGoozalez Videla ^philey Almiranfe Brown -j (Argentina) Cape Mascart Cabinet Inlet Treaty Bound. Nekpí- .Harbour Cape Alexander Bismarck Strait Cole Peninsula Cap

e Robinson ENLARGEMI AREA Adelaide Island Booth Island Arrowsmith Peninsula Pléneau Island^? Hovgaard Island -f Jé Rothera (UK) V ^ Rothera Lkelsen Islands Point Pourquoi pai? \ • •/ a- Island / Francis Island Petermann Island -^j?! J Yalour Islands-^ Snowy sheathbill Tonkin Island Dion o Islands Horseshoe Island Argentine vernai Islands mkraii GRAHAM LAND Larsen Ice Shelf Debenham ;

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dO\(Argeniina) Stonington Island Marguerite ^ Joerg Peninsula SCALE: Approx 1: 900,000 30 Miles Hollick-Kenyon Peninsula Grandidier Channel Territorial claims (with dates) 50 Kilometres Lemaire Channel 1 Chile - Territorio Antártica Chileno (1940) United Kingdom - British Antarctic Territory (1908) 3 Argentina - Antártida Argentina (1943) 4 Norway-Dronning Maud Land (1939) 5 Australia - Australian Antarctic Territory (1933) 6 France - Terre Adélie (1924) Revelie Inlet "J New Zealand - Ross Dependency (1923) includes Tierra del Fuego, the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) South Georgia, South Orkneys, and South Shetlands Scale 1:2,750,000 includes an enlargement of the Ross Island region Scale 1:12,250,000 Featuring • Illustrated biographies of 30 noted explorers • Colour photos of Antarctic scenes and wildlife • Five heroic routes