Cseri Miklós – Tárnoki Judit szerk.: Népi építészet a Kárpát-medencében a honfoglalástól a 18. századig – A Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Múzeumok közleményei 58. (2001)

Sabján Tibor: Késő középkori népies kályháink nagytáji vonatkozásai

wir nur selten an, die zwiebeiförmigen Kacheln waren immer ein Meisterwerk. Ihren genauen Aufbau kennen wir nicht. Kachelöfen im Seklerland (Abb. 15.—17.) Dank dem Fundmaterial aus Székelykeresztúr und Umgebung im Seklerland wissen wir, dass diese Öfen aus Blattkacheln ohne Rückenteil und Schüsselkacheln gebaut wurden. Es gibt keine Ecken zwischen den Kacheln. Die Öfen hatten auch eine reichere Ausführung mit bekachelter Kuppel. Die regionale Verbreitung dieser Öfen kennen wir nicht genau. Die Vorbilder der oben vorgestellten Öfen müssen wir unter den vornehmeren Öfen des Hochadels und des königlichen Hofes suchen. Die spätmittelalterlichen Öfen auf dem Lande wollen den reichen und prachtvollen Aufbau dieser Öfen nachahmen, deshalb sind sie aus vielerlei Kacheln gefertigte reiche Exemplare trotz ihren rustikalen Zügen. In einigen Gegenden (in Westtransdanubien und im östlichen Teil von Transdanubien) bewahren die Bauernöfen aus dem 18.—19. Jahrhundert Elemente dieser spätmittelalterlichen Öfen (Abb. 18.—20.). Kacheln mit dem selben Muster weisen die direkten Beziehungen nach. Late medieval vernacular ovens related to big regions TIBOR SABJÁN The author studies in his essay the rustic ovens with unglazed surface in the countryside made in the 2

nd half of the 15

th and the 1

st half of the 16

th century in historic Hungary. His intention is less the analysis of individual finds, he rather seeks the general conclusions and examines them in regional context. Tile-ovens spread in Hungary in the 2

nd half of the 15

th century. At this time we find in every village houses heated with oven as archaeology confirms it. These simple ovens stood in manors of village noblemen, in parsonages, in the rooms of castles, in heatable rooms of monasteries and other church institutions. Furthermore, in the middle of the country, in the Great Plain, farmers' rooms were also heated with big ovens covered with tiles in mug shape. We don't know where they have been produced, but several finds indicate that oven-maker in market towns produced them. The author tries to outline the bigger regional units, within which well known oven types or types known only in their fragments are encountered. He also describes the tiles of the oven types, their composition and shape. Ovens with concave tiles in Western Transdanubia and in the Kisalföld (Little Plain) (fig. 1—3) The oven type, which we know well thanks to the finds in Külsővat, has a simpler and a more elaborated version. Most of the ovens are covered with mug-shaped tiles, but many other types of tiles enriched their surface too. We have accurate data on the shape and arrangement of the tiles of the ovens. Ovens with mug tiles in the Great Plain (fig. 4—6) We know from the excavations carried out in villages destroyed during the Turkish invasion that every house was equipped with a big oven with mug-shaped tiles. The numerous finds prove that these ovens were constructed with the same types of tiles as in Western Transdanubia, but here the basic type was a round mug-shaped tile. Since the tiles are similar, we suppose that their arrangement was also similar. 329