Makkay János: A magyarság keltezése – A Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Múzeumok közleményei 48. (1994)

happened every time invading Turkic tribes swept already dialectized, but territorially still not separated Proto Hungarian groups from their original protohabitat (somewhere in the Kama river — Ural area) into the Carpathian Basin. (Invading Turkic tribes moving to the west were always taking flight from their brethren Turkic enemies.) This sweeping forward (Hung, elsodrások ) may have been caused by the movements of Huns and early Onogurs, early (Varchunian) and middle (Onogur) Avarians, and of course also by Árpád 's people. In this last case, the number of the swept-away subjects was quite low. In the Hungarian scientific literature we always find the words sodor, elsodor, sodrás i.e. whirl along, carry along, drift. Until a more detailed and historically-oriented study of the enormously rich archaeological material of the early and late Avarian periods has been completed, it will remain difficult to make a final choice between these possibilities. Chapter 8. gives a short review of the pre-Conquest history of the Hungarians as part of the already separated Proto-Ugric dialect of the Finno-Ugric subcontinuum in matters like the protohabitat, the time of differentiation from the subparent language and time of use of Proto-Ugric speech, the dating of the dialectic differentiation, and the time and place of separation of Proto-Hungarian, etc. Since I have recently summarised these questions, there is no need here for a detailed discussion. Generally, it seems to me that the chronological perspective and dating of events by Hungarian historians and linguists are mostly simple surmises or loose thoughts based on evidence which is insufficient, uncertain, or ambiguous. The only firm fact is that the crossing of the Volga river by the Huns in AD. 375 can serve as the first chronological fixed point in the long sequence of events of Hungarian pre- and protohistory. Rather than being only a recapitulation, chapter 9 lists seven still open questions where historic and linguistic research has not brought us to any satisfactory conclusion, but my new model, it is hoped, can meet the most important requirements. Thus: 1. A definite answer can be given to the original ethnicity of the Székely people. They were, of course, always part of the family of the Finno-Ugric Hungarians and came into this country well before AD. 895-896, integrating with their early Avarian and/or Kuvratian Onogur rulers. The archaic and isolated Hungarian dialect of the Transylvanian 223