Makkay János: A magyarság keltezése – A Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Múzeumok közleményei 48. (1994)

slopes of the Caucasus, in the Kuban, or in the western areas of the Khasarian empire between the rivers Don, Dnieper and Dniester. These places were called Dentumoger, Levedia and Etelközü, to use familiar but not well understood ancient terms. The second amalgamation of the Turkic and Proto-Hungarian elements would have occurred when these Onogur-Hungarians were already speakers of Proto-Hungarian but were still semi-independent subjects of the huge empire of the Khazarians in the 8th and 9th с AD. As a rule invaders, early warlords etc. (with or without their womenfolk) tended to lose their own language within two, three or — rarely — more generations. This happened with the Norman Vikings, the Kiev Rus', the Goths, Vandals, Huns, Danubian Bolgars, Alans, Pechenegs, Kumans, Langobards, the Mongolian khans in China, Persia and India, and even the Mitanni and Hyksos rulers in the 2. millennium ВС. A moderate-sized group enjoying enduring political domination may also implant its language among the invaded population as was the case, for example, in Anatolia with the Moslem Turks (or with the Protogreeks in the 2nd millennium ВС). This was also the case with the conquering Hungarians according to the traditional or orthodox model of early Hungarian history. This model was mostly constructed through the concentrated efforts of Hungarian historians in the last quarter of the 19th century, when the main points and arguments of this model were set out during the decades which preceded the Millennium festivities of 1895-1896 to commemorate the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin one thousand years earlier. According to this model the appearance of the *Proto-Hungarian (ősmagyar) language in the Carpathian basin was not the result of an initial colonisation far back in European prehistory but was the quite late and sudden movement of this language from the East (from at least 2000 km away). The coming of the *Proto-Hungarian language into the Carpathian Basin was a result of language displacement and replacement, whereby the existing languages in the area (probably surviving dialects of vulgar Latin in Transdanubia, i.e. of the so-called "shepherds of the Romans", various Slavic dialects, surviving Germanic dialects of the Gepids, Goths, Francs and Langobards, and some Turkic language groups, e.g. Avarian and Onogur spoken by survivors of the Avar centuries (576 AD to 803 , 826, or 895 AD) were replaced or absorbed by the incoming 203