Makkay János: A magyarság keltezése – A Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Múzeumok közleményei 48. (1994)

southern taiga-belt west of the Urals) under the pressure of climatic conditions in the first millennium ВС., or else they were displaced by interactions with, or under the orders of conquering nomads, primarily Turkic expansionists who came from the steppes of Khazakhstan, Central Asia or the pastureslands of Mongolia. From the Hunnic period onward there was a steady movement of Turkic elements, Chuvashian

—Onogur and Common Turkic in speech, into the region of the Middle Volga. These newcomers began to interact with the most southerly of the *Proto-Ugrian, *Proto-Permian and *Proto-Hungarian speakers. The Bulgarian Onogurs who also controlled the Volga-Kama region, became the predominant political force. Their state was not homogeneous either ethnically or linguistically, since, for example, Proto-Hungarians continued to live there. Of course aggressive displacements enforced by middle Iranian horse riders, extending in time from the Scythians at 600 B.C. to the early and middle Sarmatians and Alanians at 400 AD, might also be a theoretical possibility. However against this it may be objected that there are no sources in hydronymy or toponymy showing that substratal words of Middle Iranian were ever inherited by or borrowed into Proto- and Old Hungarian in the Carpathian Basin either before or after 895 AD. The Turkic peoples enter the scene in the 4th century AD. The very first appearance of Turkic speaking peoples in Europe was in 375 AD. when the European or Western Huns crossed the river Volga in the steppe belt and moved through passes in the Ural range further north. It was at this stage that the initial interaction commenced between the ruling Turkish nomads (European Huns and Onogur-Bolgarians, who were a Chuvashian Turkic people) and the Proto Hungarians. The classical, currently prevalent, obligatory, even petrified, historical model in this country says that between the 4th and 9th centuries AD. the ruling class of the Bolgaro-Turkic (or Onogur) nomads began a process of acculturation with the Old-Hungarian speakers under them. As a result of complicated processes much of the leading Turkic upper class retained political supremacy despite its small numbers (i.e. it acted as a real political superstratum), but at the same time lost its original Turkic mother tongue (Onogur-Bolgarian or Old Chuvashian) and were soon linguistically absorbed into the *Proto-Hungarian speakers. 201