Csányi Marietta et al. (szerk.): Tisicum - A Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Múzeumok Évkönyve 25. (Szolnok, 2016)
Településrégészet - Mali Péter: Changing settlement patterns int he Bronze Age Tiszazug
TISICUM XXV. - TELEPÜLÉSRÉGÉSZET altitudes down to 80,5 metres which is the lowest during the Bronze Age, but the high altitude settlements remain above 90 metres, resulting in the same mean as the previous period, but the bulk of the settlements are around the mean, 86 metres, causing the spread to be lower than in the Tumulus Period, a bit higher than 2 metres. The interpretation can be that the economy was still as diverse as in the previous period, but the lower water levels15 allowed the use of former flood areas as well. Conclusions and future research As the first view of the data shows, during the Bronze Age the population habited a diverse set of conditions even in a so unified region as the Tiszazug. Following the settlement patterns, soil preference and altitude differences, small glimpses of the economy, settlement policies and the attitude towards the preceding times can be seen. The future of the research is to broaden the used methods, like path analysis, flood patterns using the known data and in the end preferably a predictive model to find new sites to refine the conclusions we can have from the field survey data. What results do we have from the existing data? The Early Bronze Age starts with the scattered sites of the Makó culture, who preferred only the sand and loess plateaus and high altitudes, meaning a specialised economy and/or a higher flood16 level. Moving to the Nagyrév-early Hatvan Period, the economy became more diverse, the hard soil preference disappeared and site clusters appear, showing a more centralised pattern with usually tells in the centre. The habitation of lower altitudes shows a drier period, with the use of former flood areas. The Middle Bronze Age is nearly the same as before, the water levels rise by a small amount, but the overall picture remains the same. The changes happen in the Late Bronze Age. The old small settlements that were outside of the tell based clusters become the centres of a new settlement pattern, while the old centres aren’t used in the Tumulus Period. The heavy preference to the loess and sand along with the higher altitude they inhabit, this period is more reminiscent to the Makó Period than the Hatvan Period, but still more varied, showing a diverse use of natural resources, so a more diverse economy. The last phase of the Bronze Age sees an increase in population, or at least an increase in settlement numbers. The concentrations of both previous periods are inhabited again with dozens of new sites appearing. The climate is drier than before, shown by the extensive use of the flood area. The use of the different soils and altitudes mean an even more diverse economy, but the bulk of the sites are using the same niche with a few extremes. Overall the changes mostly follow the change of climate, with some changes in the social sphere, like the concentration-deconcentration cycle of the society. But as the relative stability of the populated areas show, there are no large population changes, if any just the economy and settlement pattern evolves in response to the climatic and inner social changes. BIBLIOGRAPHY DUFFY, Paul R. 2014. Complexity and Autonomy in Bronze Age Europe - Assessing Cultural Developments in Eastern Hungary. Budapest. P. FISCHL, Klára-KISS, Viktória-KULCSÁR, GabriellaSZEVERÉNYI, Vajk 2013. Transformations in the Carpathian Basin around 1600 BC, In: MELLER, Harald- ERTEMES, Frangois-BORK, Hans- Rudolf-RISCH, Roberto (hrsg.): 1600 - Kultureller Umbruch in Schatten des Thera-Ausbruchs? - 4. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom 14. bis 16. Oktober 2011. in Halle (Saale). Halle. 355-372. HORVÁTH Anikó 2002. Újholocén klíma- és folyóvízi környezetváltozások vizsgálata hazai régészeti adatok segítségével. PHD konferencia. ELTE. 2002.1-11. geogr.elte.hu/PHD_konferencia_ELTE_2002/doktori_konferen- cia anyagai_20027horvathaniko.pdf (Hozzáférés: 2016.10.10.) KALICZ Nándor 1957. Tiszazug őskori települései, Kalicz Nándor szakdolgozata, Régészeti Füzetek 8. Budapest. KISS Viktória 2007. A Balaton déli partvidéke és a Dél-Dunántúl a bronzkorban. In: BELÉNYESY Károly-HONTI Szilvia-KISS Viktória (szerk.): Gördülő Idő - Régészeti feltárások az M7-es autópálya Somogy megyei szakaszán Zamárdi és Ordacsehi között. Budapest. 29-35. SIART, Christoph-EITEL, Bernhard 2013. Santorini tephra on Crete: a mineralogical record of Bronze Age environmental change. In: MELLER, Harald-BERTEMES, Frangois-BORK, Hans-Rudolf-RISCH, Roberto (hrsg.): 1600 - Kultureller Umbruch in Schatten des Thera-Ausbruchs? - 4. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom 14. bis 16. Oktober 2011. in Halle (Saale). Halle. 77-88. SÜMEGI Pál-BODOR Elvira-JUHÁSZ Imola-HUNYADFALVI ZoltánHERBICH Katalin-MOLNÁR Sándor-Timár Gábor 2007. A Balaton déli partján feltárt régészeti lelőhelyek környezettörténeti feldolgozása, In: BELÉNYESY Károly-HONTI Szil- via-KISS Viktória (szerk.): Gördülő Idő - Régészeti feltárások az M7-es autópálya Somogy megyei szakaszán Zamárdi és Ordacsehi között. Budapest. 241-254. SZILÁGYI, Márton 2016. Test excavations in the vicinity of Cserkeszőlő (Jász-Nagy- kun-Szolnok County, Hungary). DissArch Ser.3 No.3 (2015) 241-243. 15 Based on the archaeological data a drier period was identified in this time in the Danube Valley as well, with the same phenomenon as the contemporary Urnfield sites appearing on the isles and flood areas (HORVÁTH Anikó 2002. 6.) 16 From the Danube valley similar result was found out from the preceding Late Copper Age, that showed a much more humid climate than previously thought (Fig.8. HORVÁTH Anikó 2002.1, ábra), most likely the end of this humid period can be seen in the altitude data of the Makó Period. 294
