Csányi Marietta et al. (szerk.): Tisicum - A Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Múzeumok Évkönyve 25. (Szolnok, 2016)
Településrégészet - Mali Péter: Changing settlement patterns int he Bronze Age Tiszazug
Mali Péter Changing settlement patterns in the Bronze Age Tiszazug The advancement of GIS based researches brought the need to re-examine the old field survey data that was collected in the previous decades. There was only a few selected areas of the country that had extended surveys that can be used for such study like Veszprém (vol. 1-4.), Pest (vol. 7.; 9.; 11.), Komárom-Esztergom (vol. 5.), and Békés (vol. 8.; 10.) counties where the Hungarian Archaeological Topography project was carried out. Other such region is Csongrád county where the archaeology students of the University of Szeged surveyed the land of the county for several decades and their findings where the base of many dissertation written there. And there are a few pockets were local archaeologists did the survey in preparation for an MRT volume that never got published. One such area is the Tiszazug, the topic of this article. The Tiszazug The Tiszazug region is located mostly between the rivers Tisza and Körös where the two rivers join, with a few exceptions. The exceptions being the territory of Öcsöd and some parts of Kunszentmárton, as these areas are on the left side of the River Körös. The region is the southernmost part of Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county. The only exception from this is Tiszaug, which was part of the county but joined Bács-Kiskun county since the time of the survey, but as it was part of the original survey and geographically it is still part of the region it is still part of this article. As the region is where the Tisza and the Körös join, big parts of it - mostly the southern area - is uninhabitable flood land. The whole region is criss-crossed with old and not so old former river segments that are no longer part of the living rivers. The river regulations of the 19th century changed the landscape heavily which makes the environmental studies harder. The region has very little in the terms of elevation changes as the lowest altitude is 77,5 meters at the deepest point of the flood land and the highest ‘peak’ is just at 98 meters, making the elevation range only 20,5 meters in the whole studied area. The region is made of three different classes of soil, pockets of loess and sand are separated by aleurite soils of old flood lands, bordered by flood soils in the more recently flooded areas. During the Bronze Age a colder climatic phase was present, the Subbo- real (3700-600 BC). Throughout the researched period the three phases of Subboreal, first a wetter, colder, then a drier, warmer during the Middle Bronze Age and a more humid phase during the Late Bronze Age again.1 This data can be locally tuned with the help of the location of sites in each phase of the Bronze Age. 1 P. FISCHL Klára et al. 2013.366.; DUFFY, Paul 2014.75-76. Sources and history of research The main sources of this article are the field reports from the systematic surveys carried out by the archaeologists of the Damjanich János Museum led by Marietta Csányi and Judit Tárnoki in the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s in preparation for an MRT volume.2 Older sources for archaeological sites come from two main sources, the survey carried out by Nándor Kalicz for his university dissertation3 and old excavation reports from the collection of the Damjanich János Museum. The more recent data is mostly from the works associated with the planned building of the M44 motorway that cuts through the regions as the path of the road was surveyed in the early stages and the threatened sites were probed in 2015.4 Data about this can be found in the Forward Archaeological Documentation that concluded the preliminary phase of the road construction and the results of the probes that were made by the archeologists of the Eötvös Loránd University were published in 2016.5 As part of the team that made the probes from the part of the Damjanich János Museum I can publish here some finds of ours as part of this article. In a GIS based analysis it is prerogative to use other sources not just archaeological records for a study, as the main conclusions have to be made using the geographical data available from the region. For this reason, I used the 1:10000 EOTR maps as a basis for the elevation model I made, the online maps.mfgi.hu digital soil and ground water maps6 along with hydrological map from an EU project7. But as these show the modern landscape, and as was mentioned before, the river regulations in the 19thcentury changed the environment heavily, the historical maps are as important for the study as the recent, more easily usable maps. The ones I used for the adjustment of the modern map, removing dams, artificial channels, fishing ponds, etc., were mostly the first and second military register of Hungary made from the end of the 18th century to the 1860s, as these maps show the landscape before the river regulations.8 The sites In the systematic survey there were 817 sites registered, 217 of these has Bronze Age material on it, 68 Early Bronze Age sites, split between Makó, Nagyrév and early Hatvan culture sites, 26 Middle Bronze Age sites of the Hatvan culture, and lastly 103 sites from the Late Bronze 2 DJM Régészeti Adattár, A 527-2001. - A1216-2001. 3 KALICZ Nándor 1957. 4 The complete excavation of the said sites are still in the future as of the writing of this article. 5 SZILÁGYI Márton 2016. 6 1:100 000 maps for the country, adjusted to the smaller area and the visible disparities caused by the different scale. 7 European Comission, Joint Research Centre: CCM2 (ccm.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ php/index.php?action=view&id=24 Hozzáférés: 2016.10.20.) 8 mapire.eu/hu/ (Hozzáférés: 2016.10.20.) collection of archive maps. 287
