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Történettudomány - Kertész Róbert–Almási Tibor: A szolnoki végvár az oszmán ostrom előestéjén – Bernardo Gaballio építész levelének tükrében (1552. július 31.)

KERTÉSZ RÓBERT-ALMÁS1 TIBOR: A SZOLNOKI VÉGVÁR AZ OSZMÁN OSTROM ELŐESTÉJÉN- BERNARDO GABALLIO ÉPÍTÉSZ LEVELÉNEK TÜKRÉBEN (1552. JÚLIUS 31.)

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RÖVIDÍTÉS

Österreichisches Staatsarchiv Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv Ungarische Akten Allgemeine Akten, Wien (= ÖStA HHStA Ung. Akten Alig. Akten)

Róbert Kertész-Tibor Almási

The Fortress of Szolnok on the eve of the Osman siege - in the mirror of the letter of Italian builder Bernardo Ga- ballio (31st July, 1552)

The history of Szolnok took a completely new turn when in the early autumn of 1550, they started to build a royal fort at the estuary of the Zagyva river. The plank fortification was carried out with bearing in mind the most up-to-date principles of the Italian architecture of fortresses of the time. In the professional supervision of the construction three people played a decisive role: Spaniard Bernardo Villela de Áldana, and after him two recognized Italian architects of forts: Felice da Pisa and Bernardo Gaballio (Gabellio). The exact date of Gaballio’s arrival in Szolnok is not known. It is assumable that he started work at the very beginning of 1552, or even earlier, at the end of 1551. The master builder spent more than half a year with the supervision of the construction of the plank fortress, so it achieved its final form under his control. Fie also pulled through the Turkish siege here between August 24th and September 4th here, and was among the few who managed to escape after the defence of the fort collapsed. It is possible that the unsigned pen-drawing that was found among the documents of the lawsuit against vice-captain Gáspár Móré can be attributed to him. This drawing is the only authentic representation of the fort erected between 1550 and 1552. There is only one letter known that Gaballio wrote ín Szolnok. Fie wrote this piece of correspondence on 31st July 1552 in Latin. This paper publishes the full text of this letter in Latin transcription and in Hungarian translation. The report is a concise and straightforward overview of the relevant issues of the fortress, from which we can learn new information that had not been known before from other sources. Among other things, he touches upon the problems of the construction of defensive objects: “because of fear of the enemy, it was always carried out in the greatest hurry possible, and, as a consequence, this fort can neither perform its real function, nor represent the expected defensive power’’ - he wrote. What gives the content of the letter outstanding importance is the fact that three weeks after it was written, the fortification came under an irresistible and poignant Osmanic siege. So the state of readiness of walls, bastions and gates did make a real difference. Apart from that, Gaballio’s letter offers us insight to the difficulties of the construction in progress and the composition of the military personnel supervising the construction works.

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