A Debreceni Déri Múzeum Évkönyve 1957 (Debrecen, 1958)

Patay Pál: Tanulmányok Debrecen vidékének rézkoráról

Among polished stone implements, the axe of grave no. 11 of Konyár represents a style which is definitely characteristic of the Bodrogkeresztúr culture as testified by finds unearthed elsewhere since this find was made. The axe and mace found in Hajdúszoboszló belongs, on the other hand, to a type earlier than this culture. Sőregi has supposed that the axe of Konyár was not a tool for everyday use but, having been made of marble, served ritual purposes. This seems to us probable, because another specimen of this type is also made of marble, i. e. a of material scarcely suitable for turning out stone implements. The mace of Hajdúszoboszló has an ornate appearance because of its multicoloured surface, this, too, may have been an object of ritual function. The polished stone implements of this culture are socketed without exception. The cemeteries in the environs of Debrecen are rich in copper finds too (7 graves out of 29 contained copper finds). The two copper knives of Konyár represent a type known from elsewhere, but the flat axe of grave no. 1 of Hajdúszoboszló, though relatively small, is the first specimen of its type known from this culture that has come to light. The copper pins of graves no. 3 and 6, which were unknown from other cemeteries up to the present as well as the stone maces have relations with Southern Russia, by way of Marosdécse (Decia Muresului). Trie otherwise autochtonous Bodrogkeresztúr culture may have been influenced by eastern cultural currents. The copper spirals from grave no. 3 and lo of Konyár are forerunners of a type of jewellery very popular in the Bronze Age. Graves no. 1 and 3. of Hajdúszoboszló contained also tusks of wild-boars utilized as jewellery. These objects as well as other finds from the same cemetery (stone axes, minor blades) may be looked upon as survivals of times anterior to the culture of Bodrogkeresztúr, so the graves of Hajdúszoboszló may be dated from the beginning of the culture of Bodrogkeresztúr. The vestiges of settlements observed by L. Zoltai at Hajdúszoboszló are not remains of this culture bul date back to the early Chalcolithic or the Bronze Age. III. A few words concerning sporadic copper finds In the environs of Debrecen a considerable number of copper implements (pickaxes) were be found, which, excepting the 3 pick-axes of the store-room find in Hajdúszoboszló, came from sporadic finds. It has been proved that they were used and even made by the people of the Bodrogkeresztúr culture, just as the greatest part of similar pick-axes found in the Great Hungarian Plain. * •