Székely Zoltán: Arrabona - Múzeumi Közlemények 50/1. (Győr, 2012)
Tanulmányok - Brauer-Benke József: A dunántúli hosszú furulya történeti vizsgálata
ARRABONA 2012. 50/1. TANULMÁNYOK HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE LONG FLUTE OF TRANSDANUBIA The common Transdanubian long flute of 3+2 partials with 5 holes does not appear among the herdsmen of the Western nations, so it was considered a part of the ancient eastern heritage. However, the historical analysis, the ethnographical parallels and the etymological analysis of the instrument name have shown that the present form of the long flute of Transdanubia might have evolved during the 17th and 18th centuries from the earlier 3 holed flute, which was a duct-flute with only some surviving examples in museums. The etymological analysis suggests that the duct-flute type called furulya spread only in the 16th and 17th centuries slowly replacing the earlier end-blown and split-duct flute types called sip and süvöltő. These latter flutes could either be known by the Hungarians already at the time of the occupation of the Carpathian Basin in the 9th century, since their morphological and etymological analogies are known both in Eastern Europe and Inner Asia. The historical analyses of this instrument suggested that besides the comparative ethnological and intercultural analysis of the recent ethnological analogies the historical analysis of the recent material and the individual in-depth study of the archive sources are also needed. On the other hand, other elements of the popular culture, i.e. the historical development, the regional differentiation and the interethnic connections should also be taken into consideration, since the mere morphological similarities, the ethnographical analogies of the instrument name or the similar playing technology are not enough for the profound study of the history of the given instrument. In this case, despite the playing technological similarities of the Inner Asian end-blown long flute types they can not be brought into relationship with the long duct flute of Transdanubia, since their morphological characteristics do not allow for their continuous historical connection. The etymological analyses of the instrument name suggest that despite their morphological similarities, the 3+2 parted, 5 holed Transdanubian long flute can not either be related to the 3 + 2 parted, 5 holed long flute, called kaval of the Moldavian csángó ethnical group. However, despite the visible morphological differences it can be related to the Slovakian long flute type of 3 holes with a blowing attachment, called/tyara, since both types goes back to the 3 holed long flute type, which earlier was known in Western and Northern Hungary and among the Slovakian, Polish and Ukrainian peoples. Although it cannot be excluded that the final source of this 3 holed long flute could be some Inner Asian or East European end-blown or split-duct flute, but according to the available data the low-wind duct-flutes dominantly appeared in the Carpathian Basin, in the Carpathian Mountains and in the Balkan Peninsula, consequently, the archetype of the long duct-flute might have been developed somewhere in these areas. József Brauer-Benke
