Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. A Szent István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 30. 2000 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (2001)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Finnegan, M. –Éry Kinga: Biological distance among six population samples excavated in the environs around Székesfehérvár, Hungary, as derived by non-metric trait variation. p. 61–76.

cant difference. Nonetheless, three traits, Frontal Foramen Present, Mandibular Torus Present and Foramen of Vesalius Present, showed a significant difference in more than one population sample. Aside from these, the significant differences generated are randomly distributed among both the population samples and the traits. Presence of the Frontal Foramen on the left side showed a significant difference at the .01 level in the populations samples from Sárbogárd and Dunaújváros-Táborkerület (Intercisa). In each of these cases, the highest frequency was found in female individuals. In the other two cases where a trait showed a significant difference in more than one sample, the male frequency was higher. The Rácalmás population displayed the greatest number of significant differences with five, while the Dunaújváros (Intercisa) Csákvár (Floriana) population had but one significant difference between the sexes. Looking at sex dimorphism on the right side (see Table 6), 23 significant differences were generated at the .05 level where only 12.6 are suggested due to chance alone. Five significant differences were found at the .01 level where only 2.5 significant differences could be due to chance expectation. Nine of these cases had a sample size of 15 or less in one or both samples being tested, which may have generated a significant difference due to the small sample size. The sample with the lowest number of significant differences was Tác with two significant differences at the .05 level while the Rácalmás sample had five significant differences again, all at the .05 level. No one non-metric trait had more than two significant differences while six traits had more than one significant difference: Highest Nuchal Line, Asterionic Bone, Mandibular Torus, Accessory Lesser Palatine Foramen, Foramen of Vesalius, and Anterior Ethmoid Foramen Exsutural. In the Mandibular Torus trait, one significant difference had the higher frequency in the female sample, while the other significant difference had the higher frequency in the male sample. The Anterior Ethmoid Foramen Exsutural had the higher incident frequency in females in both cases, while the other four traits showed a higher incidence in males. In this study we are pooling males and females even though the number of significant differences generated exceed chance expectation. We are doing this because this study is preliminary in nature and while individual samples may exceed a 60/40 male/female split, the overall sample does not exceed a 60/40 split which falls in the range suggested by Finnegan-Marcsik (1979) and Finnegan & Szalai(1991). In other instances, we would argue for some correction due to sex dimorphic traits as suggested in Finnegan (1972, 1978) using the methodology of Gaherty (1974), Jantz (1970) or Finnegan (1978). INTRODUCTION AGE DEPENDENCY Korey (1970) suggested that non-metric traits displayed significant age dependency. He tested this assumption using correlation statistics, which showed a slight increase in trait frequency with age, and in many cases, significantly so. However, this is probably not the statistic of choice when looking for age-trait dependency. While the present data was not checked for age dependency, we rely on the work of Finnegan (1972, 1978) which showed by chi-square analysis, that from youngest to oldest age samples, little significance was found. Indeed, fewer significant differences were found at the .05 level than chance expectation when comparing the 20-29 year old age group to the 60-69 year old age group (1978). As well, other individuals have suggested either mild age dependency or have stated that the age dependent nature of non-metric traits is negligible if adult crania are utilized (Ossenberg 1970, Buikstra 1972, Corruccini 1974). In the present analysis we have not been concerned about age dependency with the non-metric traits we are using since the samples are composed of predominantly adult crania which offers little for age dependency. Only seven individuals in the combined sample of 376 individuals were under the age of 18 years. This represents approximately 1.8% of the sample and it can be further noted that these 7 individuals are more or less evenly distributed among the population samples. We therefore conclude that in this particular analysis, age dependency does not pose a problem. DATA ANALYSIS The frequencies presented in Table 2 were transformed to theta values using the arcsine (sin-1) transformation. These transformed frequencies were then applied to the Grewal-Smith statistic (Grewal 1962) and used to calculate the mean measure of divergence (MMD) among all sample pairs as presented in Table 7. The MMD values are written above with italicized estimates of the variance written below. As noted in Table 7, seven of these interpopulation distances are significant at the .05 level, while 8 distances are not significant at the .05 level. It is interesting to note that the lowest population distance is between population samples Csákvár and Dunaújváros-Táborkerület at 0.004. The next lowest are the distances between Tác and Csákvár (Floriana) and Dunaújváros-Táborkerület (Intercisa) at a level of 0.007 each. It is interesting that all of these are of the same time period, Late Roman age. However, none of these population pairings have generated a significant 63