Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 25. – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1995)

Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Acta XXXIV - Pongrácz Zsuzsanna: Glazed lamps from Gorsium and Intercisa. p. 89–93.

As this type of lamp is made on a wheel it is much easier and it can be said cheaper and quicker to produce than some other types of lamp. So any potter could make it because no samples and no moulds were needed to carry out the process. This is the reason why it is quite a fruitless task to look for workshops - if by any means one is not found by chance. The use of chemical analysis can be very helpful. It can be very useful to compare the lamps which have been found quite near to each other. During the excavations in Gorsium nearly 700 lamps or lampfragments have been found till today. But in Intercisa including the excavations at the begining of the centurythis number is twice as large. The lamps which were made on a wheel represent about 10 per cent of the total lamps in Gorsium. It is very interesting that the great majority (namely 90 per cent) are glazed lamps. In contrast, the number of the so called Iványi XXII form is quite small in Intercisa compared to the total number of lamps and there are only some glazed ones among them. This is curious because it seems certain that there was an intensive production of glazed pottery at this time in Intercisa. What is the reason that the lamps themselves are not glazed? To tell the truth the answer is not too scientific: "Simply, it is so." There are unglazed lamps, in addition, on the side of which glazed spots can be seen and it is sure that these are not spoiled or damaged pieces and that the glazed surface has not come off in flakes at a later time. It seems to be more realistic that they were handled together with glazed pottery. If we compare these two collections of lamps according to their form we can determine two different groups. Most of the Iványi XXII lamps in Intercisa are like the one on fig. 2.5. A similar handle had been found during the excavations in Tokod, in Pannónia. Both metal-glazed and clay-glazed can be found among them. The lamps from Gorsium differ from this form (fig. 3.6-7-8). The basically standard form of these lamps is decorated with many types of ears and handles. The most common type of ear is the pulled up strap handle, the most common handle-type is the pushed back cylindrical which overlies the cover of the lamp. So there are two different groups. I would like to emphasize that they are GROUPS. In the Iványi system 5 sub-types are separated (IVÁNYI 1935, 17), in the case of other researchers even more than five (DERINGER 1965, 58-62). If we are very strict but fair then we have to acknowledge that the differrence between the groups No.4 and 5 of Iványi is hardly more than between the types XXII and XXIII. As for me I accept the reasoning of Alram-Stern (ALRAM-STERN 1989, 53) which is considered to be a working hypothesis to set up only two major groups within the type XXII of Iványi. One is the lamp with variable shaping, with long nozzle and with an upper part which is broken down by rings. The other is the round lamp with a slightly protruding nozzle. Then according to my conception - if the breakdown by territories for the different versions of the type XXII is summarized in a bigger region and this summary is as unambiguous as it is in case of the above mentioned two provenances then it will be possible to separate the different sub-types. If.it is supported by the results of chemical analysis then there will be not a big mistake to speak about workshops or rather about workshop traditions. BIBLIGRAPHY ALICU-NEMES 1977 ALRAM-STERN 1989 BAILEY 1980 Bonis 1990 BRONEER 1930 Deringer 1959 DERINGER 1965 IVÁNYI 1935 LOESCHCKE 1919 Póczy 1957 Tokod 1981 D. ALICU - E. NEMES, Roman Lamps from Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa. BAR Supplementary Series, XVIII. E. ALRAM-STERN, Die römischen Lampen aus Carnuntum, RLiÖ, XXXV. D. M. BATLEY, A catalogue of the lamps in the British Museum 2. Roman Lamps made in Italy. London. E. B. BONIS, A mázas kerámia Pannoniában. Előzmények és gyártási központok. Die glasierte Keramik in Pannonién. Entwicklungsgang und Erzeugungszentren. AÉrt, CXVII, 24-38. O. BRONEER, Terracotta Lamps. Corinth, Results of Excavations conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, IV/2. D. DERINGER, Runde Tonlampen. Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte von Lauriacum, Nr. 4. OberöstHeimatbl., XIII, 388-395. H. DERINGER, Römische Lampen aus Lauriacum. Forschungen in Lauriacum 9. Linz, D. IVÁNYI, Die pannonischen Lampen. Eine typologisch-chronologische Übersicht. DissPann, II/2. S. LOESCHCKE, Lampen aus Vindonissa. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte von Vindonissa und des antiken Beleuchtungswesens. Zürich. K. SZ. PÓCZY, Keramik. In: Intercisa II. AHung, XXXVI, 29-139. M. T. BIRÓ - K. ERY - M.H. KELEMEN - V. LÁNYI - В. LŐRINCZ - A. MÓCSY - M. R. PETŐ, Die spätrömische Festung und das Gräberfeld von Tokod. Budapest. 90