Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 24. 1986-1988 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1990)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Petres Éva, F.: The Problem of the Celtic Survival in Pannonia. p. 7–15.

Weapons can also be found in a vehicle-burial in Kálóz, in Eraviscan area (Marosi 1935, 216; Bona 1978, 273, 278). The native, that is to say, Celtic character of Eraviscan vehicleburials is proved not only by pottery of clearly local form, but also by some bronzes. These are open-worked bronze discs probably used as cart fittings or harness ornaments or as amulets. Their design follow characteristic Celtic patterns - triskeles representations or wild-boars and typical Celtic human masks (Seregélyes, Vájta, Kálóz) (BÁNKI 1972, Nrs 60,61.) Analogies for these fittings can also be found in Noricum (Stinkenbrunn etc.) but in remote regions, in Gaul as at Autun as well (F. Petres 1974, 226-). The Eraviscan area is not only the home of typical vehicleburials, the cart was also carved on grave-stones erected after Roman fashion. One of the finest of such pieces - the tomb of Usaiu - represents a 4-wheeled waggon with the driver, a man, and behind him a woman possibily a servant holding a jewelbox. (FITZ 1976, 77). Such grave-stones occur sometimes at the same site as the real vehicle-burials. Nevertheless, a real link between the two burial-types is not possible since there are usually temporal differences or because some of the stones have been brought here for secondary use (Palágyi 1981, 28, Fig. 23, 30). Let us now summarize the question of the tumulus-type burials, with or without cart and horse. It seems now clear that this type of burial was current all over the Roman Empire and was associated with the period of Romanization, but those who practised it belonged to the native upper classes of the provinces. In the Eraviscan area there were unquestionably Celts. The investigation of burials offer still another possibility to observe the survival of ethnic groups: this is the matter of the women's graves. The figures on the grave-stones raised after Roman fashion or the jewels discovered as grave finds present us with a clear indication of local fashion in the l

st-2

nd c.A.D. The sepulchral monuments representing women of Noricum and Pannónia, the grave-stones and statues in the Lajta region of the Boii and in Nord-East Pannónia (Eravisci)

, reflect not a temporary fashion, but a real local national costume (Fitz 1957, 143-, 153). Within about a century, the different headwear, turban - like head-gear - and veils, the apron-like cut of the dress present but minor regional and temporal changes. Among the accessories, the fibulae are both on stone figures and in reality variants of the Norican-Pannonian winged brooch (Norisch-pannonisch Flügelfibel), (GARBSCH 1965, 49-, 77-) (Fig. 7). A definitely Eraviscan speciality is the 'bow-tie'-shaped sheet metal fibula to be found both on stone figures (Gorsium, tombstone of Aelia Materio) and among the grave finds (Many, Pátka, Felsőcikola) (F. Petres 1965, 100-). Its ornamental mask decorations reaches back to Celtic traditions. Summarizing our theme, the survival of Celtic ethnic group in Pannónia can be roughly divided into two phases. The Augustinian and Claudian era was accompanied by a more rapid occupation and Romanization of the western parts, Noricum and Western Pannónia, and, with the progress of occupation was at a slower rate in the north-eastern parts. Because of the historical antecedents - the collapse of the power of the Boii in the middle of the 1

st c.B.C, the good relations between the newly established Kingdom of Noricum and Rome and equally good relations with the Eravisci, all happened without any major local commotion. The second phase is related to the TrajanicHadrianic period. Hadrian had already given municipal status to several towns. This new developmental phase resulted in the Fig. 7: The tomb-stone of Flavia Usaiu (Gorsium) growth of prosperity in the native population. It is the period in which waggon-burials occur and tombstones decorated with waggon-reliefs were erected (Fitz 1988, in press; F. Petres 1987, 541-). In this period the leading class of Celtic origin is already integrated in the Roman administration; for instance, a functionary in the rank of a decurio municipii denotes this rank on the tombstone of his daughter, but the women's costume and names (Amasia, Aelia Materio) are Celtic (Gorsium). The cart-grave of Sárszentmiklós, a burial of native rite, included also a hasta, an emblem of power, its owner was perhaps also a decurio (Mócsy 1962, 35-). Of course, in these times this Eraviscan class - declaring itself consciously Celtic - was only a component of Roman society and became absorbed after the Marcomannian wars (A.D. 167-180) amongst the other peoples of the Romanized Empire. 13