Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 24. 1986-1988 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1990)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Petres Éva, F.: The Problem of the Celtic Survival in Pannonia. p. 7–15.

Settlements maintained their function as a centre in the Celtic period, nor did they obtain any Roman municipial or military status. Open sites A real continuity - i.e. not only the local survival of the population, but also the maintenance of the same basic economic system - can be observed only in the heart of the province, on the minor open sites. The model of the small rustic, peasentlike settlement is represented by the settlement of Szakály, excavated and published by D. Gabler (GABLER 1982, 57-). The locality - the valley of the river Kapos in South Transdanubia with the oppidum of Nagyberki-Szalacska as its centre - was the territory of the Celtic tribe of the Hercuniates. Densely populated during the Late Iron Age, it had neither strategic nor commercial importance after the Roman occupation. The settlement of Szakály was actually inhabited without any interruption from the La Tène D or the pre-Roman Iron Age through the Imperial period as far as the Late Roman Age (4

th c.A.D.). The construction of the houses (sunken floor huts and timber building with daubed walls) remained unchanged from the 1

st c.B.C, and, following the occupation, throughout the whole 1

st and 2

nd c.A.D. The Celtic traditions of La Tène D were also maintained by pottery and metal-work (graphit pots, Norican-Pannonian winged brooch, 'Flügelfibel')- There are nine small rural settlements of the Szakály-type to be found in the Kapos valley where the Celtic population of the La Tène Age survived undisturbed, maintaining under the Roman rule its original local agricultural way of life. Their material culture includes hardly any imported Roman goods and almost no coins at all. Vici The situation was different in case of the inhabitants of the vici. In these strategically important places along the roads or the limes, the development rate and the process of Romanization were considerably faster. Neverthless, some earlier traditions can be observed here too, although not as marked as in the small settlements mentioned above. In the vicus that supplied both auxiliary forts of Gorsium sited in the territory of the Celtic Eravisci, the houses built from the middle to the last third of the 1

st c.A.D. were also sunken in the ground and of same archaic character. (Kocztur 1972,55-). Equally on Eraviscan territory, when the camp of Adony-Vetus Salina sited along the limes and the vicus belonging to it were at their height (from the middle of the 1

st с - end of 2

nd c.A.D.), the vessels used in everyday life maintained their Celtic, Late La Tène character. The camp was rebuilt five times, troops of different ethnic origin followed one another and from time to time the imported Roman goods also changed. At the same time, the manufacturing technique of native pottery ('Pannonische Ware mit Rächerung') and their forms (pots, storage vessels) remained unchanged both in the camp and the vicus, and correspond to the vessels found in the tumulus graves. (Barkóczi-Bónis 1954, 184) This similarity obviously was the result of local potters of the area working in the auxiliary camp and thus the survival of the native population can once more be verified. Bronze Age Urrtfield Age Hallstatt Age La Tène А В С D Roman Period Balatonföldvár ; j| Bâta 1+1+ + Budapest Gellérthagy — !т!1 + Esztergom • Várhegy ; : !i — Lengyel — — — +i i rNagyberki Szálacska — — — ! : !i — Pécs-Jakabhegy i i i— Regöly — — ? ; iSághegy — — — i , i— Somlóhegy — — — 1 , '— — Sopron •Häusler berg ? — 1 | '— Sopron-Himmelsthron — 7 ч

1Sopron-Várhely /BurgstaH/ 1 | '— + Szabadhídvég 1 | j — Százhalombatta + + ' ' Tihany Óvár — * > — | 1Velemszentvid — — — +!+!+; I — Ostf f yasszony fa Földvár major + 4! ! :• Fig. 2: The settlement periods of le Tène hill-forts of Transdanubia (after Patek 1982, 11 - with correction) Burial rites On the question of ethnic survival we may turn now to concepts about the other world and burial rites. Among the burial forms appearing in the Early Imperial period, the most lively debated issue concerns the tumuli graves. On the northern borders of the Roman Empire (Britannia, Belgium, Noricum, Pannónia) and even in Rome the graves were surmounted by mounds. The habit appears almost simultaneously everywhere - 1

st c.A.D. and comes to an end also about the same time, at end of 2

nd c.A.D. (Amand 1965, 614-) (Fig. 4). The appearance of tumulus burial in the provinces may also be dated to the time following Roman occupation, as shown also by minor temporal differences. In Pannónia the tumulus burials appear gradually, following the Roman occupation as it advaced from South-West to Nord-East. (Bonis 1975, 244, 249) The earliest and most frequent tumulus burials can thus be found along the border of Noricum and Western Pannónia up to the line of the river Rába, where they were constructed in the second half of the 1

st c.A.D. In Nord-East Pannónia, to the east of a line between Rába and Lake Balaton, tumuli apear at the beginning ot the 2

nd c.A.D. (Sági 1943, 114; Bonis op. cit.246) The origin of this burial rite and the ethnic origin of those practising it represent a question much discussed. (MENGHIN 9