Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 20. 1980 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1983)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Éry Kinga, K.: Comparative statistical studies on the physical anthropology of the Carpathian basin population between the 6–12th centuries A. D. p. 89–141.

Fig. 6: Distribution areas of the series belonging to clusters 3, 4 and 5 from 630 to approximately 670 A. D. Phase III approximately lasts from 670 until 810 A. D. All of these Avar Period phases may be associated with the arrival of new populations into the Carpathian Basin. The exact identification of these ethnic groups is as yet impossible. Historical research prefers to refer to "Avars", "Bulgars", "Slavs", people characterized by "griffin and tendril" design in their decorative art etc. One must also include the archaeological evidence for earlier populations who also survived into the Avar Period. The investigation of ethnic characteristics in these phases should be a focal point of Avar Period research. For the time being however, the opportunities are rather limited for the following reasons: first, more than half of the already analyzed anthropological material has not yet been fully published in addition to the archaeological evaluation. Second, even the published materials are difficult to evaluate. It is for example, usually not exactly known when the cemeteries began and finished, which graves belong to the aboriginal populations and to the newly arrived groups etc. Thus, there seemed no point in using either the two periods or the three periods chronological subdivision so that the time span of 230—250 years was regarded as a single unit. The respective series were then treated as contemporary materials. The dating of the series listed in Tables 1 and 3 is based on the centuries assigned in the anthropological literature. This information however, is rather limited and the only major conclusion resulting from it is that material from the early period is much less abundant than that from later "Avar" samples. Both historical and archaeological sources mention large scale anthropological heterogeneity during the Avar Period. This characteristic immediately becomes evident when one looks at the within-cluster distribution of the 22 Avar Period samples. Cluster 1 includes 27.3 percent of the Avar material while 31.8 percent is found in cluster 2. The greatest percentage (36.4%) occurs in cluster 3 while the minimum (4.5 %) share of the "Avar" group may be seen in cluster 4. The populations represented by clusters 2, 3 and 4 may be mostly classified as eastern as well as being part of cluster 1. It may thus be concluded that in spite of all the chronological problems, insufficient data and small sample sizes, this configuration conforms the historical record which usually emphasizes the predominantly eastern origin of the Avar Period population. There is one more phenomenon of an abstract nature which underlines the heterogeneity of the Avar Period material. Close similarities between individual series occur only in 5.2 percent of all connections between cases. This is less than half of the value characteristic for the Árpád Period. 2. Studies of individual samples A) The individual evaluation of samples is chiefly based on the location of cases within the respective clusters. 96