Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 19. 1979 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1981)

Szemle – Rundschau - Lőrincz Barnabás: Some Remarks on the History of the Pannonian Legions in the late first and early second Centuries A. D. p. 285–288.

II. The final departure of legio XV Apollinaris from Carnuntum is unanimously dated to 114 A. D. (see Ritterling 1924/25, 1284; 1734; Hanslik 1965, 1094—1095; Syme 1968, 106—109 = SYME 1971, 210—212; Lőrincz 1973, 64—65; Mitford 1974, 168). According to this the unit then was taken to participate in Trajan's Parthian war {Ibid. For a later dating see MÓCSY 1974, 99, though he did not undertake to contravene Sir R. Syme's hypothesis. Cf. also Keppie 1973, 861; 864). The reason for raising this question is that stamped bricks of the unit appeared in the first period of the Quadrata auxiliary fort (LŐRINCZ 1981, Nos. 5/13, 16—19, 29), where the terra sigillata material starts with the reign of Hadrian (Gabler 1977, 150—157; Gabler 1980, 639). E. Ritterling, in connection with legio XV Apollinaris'' history, has already noted that the first proof of the legion's presence in Cappadocia can be dated only to the end of Hadrian's reign {Arrian, Ektaxis 5; Ritterling 1924/25, 1754). No earlier evidence for the presence of the unit in Satala is known yet {cf. Hanslik 1965, 1094—1095; Syme 1968, 106— 109 =SYME 1971, 210—212; Keppie 1973, 861; Mitford 1974, 168). Examining the Pannonian data it turns out that the legion surely left Carnuntum before 130 A. D., since the legate of the legio X Gemina, Q. Lollius Urbicus, is known from the period 130—132 A. D. (Fitz 1961, 170—171; PIR

1 L 327). The latter unit reached Pannónia about 105 A. D.(

5

) and its first headquarters were in Aquincum where many of its inscriptions and stamped bricks are known {CIL, III, 10507, 15162; KUZSINSZKY 1934, 204, No. 409; Kaba 1964, 247—251; NAGY 1931, Abb. 25,10; SZILÁGYI 1933, 51, No. 75; 53, No. 102; Nagy 1937, 267; Szilágyi 1943, 350; Szilágyi 1951, 124; 126; Kaba 1955, 281; Abb. 24,11; T. Nagy 1969, 256). As in 106 A. D. the province was divided into two (ritz 1963, 245; SYME 1971, 106; T. Nagy 1973, 95) and legio X Gemina belonged to the military force of the one-legioned Pannónia Inferior(

6

) later replacing legio XHII Gemina in Vindobona {cf. Ritterling 1924/1925, 1683 and 1737—1738), the unit which replaced the legio XV Apollinaris in Carnuntum (ibid. J, the only thing for certain is that the legio XV Apollinaris left Carnuntum before 130 A. D. In connection with the unit's departure from Pannónia Superior, an inscription from Carnuntum provides information. It reads {CIL, 111,4491): M(arcus) Vlpius/ Marci f(ilius) Quirlina (tribu) Dasius/ Sirmi mil(es)/

5 leg(ionis) XV Apoll(inaris) / (centuria) / optio an(norum) XL / stip(endiorum) XX h(ic) s(itus) e(st)l Statius Firmus h(eres) f(ecit). The latest comment on the inscription was made by Sir R. Syme; according to him Dasius got the citizenship from Trajan, h.3 gDvsrnor of Moesia Superior in 94 A. D. (Syme 1968, (5) Cf. most recently Bogaers 1967, 56; 61. — According to T. Nagy the latest date for the legion's arrival in Aquincum was the beginning of 103 A. D. (see 1973, 94; 179, n. 68.), but the troop was transferred to its new headquarters before the 1st or 2nd Dacián war (101 or 105 A. D.). Because the Brohl inscriptions exclude the possibility of the first dating, cf. SAXER 1967, 79, only the latter one can be taken into consideration. (6) Though T. Nagy (1973, 95) reckons with the unit staying in Aquincum only up to 10J—

107 A. D. it is impossible because of the CIL, III, 4491 inscription. (7) NAGY 1935,38; see also: Mócsy 1962, 616; in an other way: Lőrincz 1973, 64, n. 57. — According to T. Nagy (1973, 95; 179, notes 75 and 79) only a detachment of the unit participated in the war, but legio X gemina, according to the CIL, 111,4491 inscription, left Aquincum only in 118/119 A.D. (8) Cf. MÓCSY 1974, 99. — P. Aelius Lucus, who died in the 140s A. D., was drafted into the legion after returning from the East {CIL, III, 10500; for 106—108=SYME 1971, 210—212). This hypothesis is based on the fact that the legio XVApollinaris left Carnuntum in 114 A. D. and took part in Trajan's Parthian war {cf. Ritterling 1924/25, 1284; 1734; Hanslik 1965, 1094—1095; Lőrincz 1973, 64—65; Mitford 1974, 168) and, respectively, that Trajan was the governor of Moesia Superior beginning in 94 A. D. (Syme 1968, 106—108 =SYME 1971, 210—212). Nevertheless, it was already pointed out that there is no evidence which proves the unit's participation in the Parthian war. Besides this, the following also makes Sir R. Syme's hypothesis improbable: 1. Between 94—96 A. D. Cn. Pinarius Aemilius Cicatricula Pompeius Longinus was the governor of Moesia Superior {cf. CIL, XVI, 39+p. 215; ROXAN 1978, No. 6). M. Ulpius Trajan's supposed governorship in Moesia Superior is based on the fact that at this time Hadrian was the tribunus miliium legionis II adiutricis {cf. Syme 1968, 101—106=SYME 1971, 204—210), but it is known that Hadrian held this office in 95 A. D. (ibid.), so Trajan's governorship, at that time, cannot be taken into consideration. 2. Before 16th of September 94 A. D. there were two facts which made it impossible for Trajan to be a governor: a. he was a consul Ordinarius from January to April in 91 A. D. (DEGRASSI 1952, 27), while Cn. Pinarius Aemilius Cicatricula Pompeius Longinus was a consul suffectus earlier it the October and November of 90 A. D. (ibid.). b. According to the Younger Pliny Trajan spent the years after his consulship in Rome {Plin. paneg. 44,1 ; see also Hanslik 1965, 1037). Accordingly, Trajan's governorship in Moesia Superior can be left out of consideration. Dasius got the Roman citizenship from the emperor between 98—109 A. D. when he was drafted into the legio XV Apollinaris. We can qualify this period further. Legio IIAdiutrix, after participating in the Parthian war,(

7

) returned to Pannónia together with the legio I Adiutrix in 118/119 A. D.(

8

) This was the time when legio X Gemina had to leave Aquincum and legio XV Apollinaris left Carnuntum. So Dasius was drafted into the legion in 98/99 A. D.; according to the evidence of the above-mentioned inscription one detachment of this unit propably participated in the Trajan's first Dacián war.(

9

) Summing up what has been said, legio XV Apollinaris left Carnuntum in 118/119 A. D. so its Pannonian tiles were made before this date.(

10

) Taking the fact into consideration that the terra sigillata material in the Quadrata auxiliary fort started with Hadrian's reign, the stamped bricks of the troop found here belong to their latest products in Pannónia and can be dated to the second half of the 110s A. D.(

n

) B. Lőrincz its dating see: SCHOBER 1923, 77, No. 166). For legio I adiutrix see most recently: Lőrincz 1975, 350. (9) The fact that Pannonian legions participated in the 1st Dacián war is proved by the inscriptions of Q. Glitius Agricola {CIL, V, 6976—78, 6980), who during his governorship of Pannónia in the 1st Dacián war was rewarded with dona militaria by Trajan. On the senator see lately ECK 1970,156—158. (10) Though E. Swoboda (1959, 27—28) queried this as the tiles of the legio XIII Gemina and XV Apollinaris in Carnuntum were situated in layers following the Marcomann wars. But this only means that the roofstructure of the building was constructed at the beginning of the 2nd century A. D. and was destroyed after the period following the destructions of the Marcomann wars. (11)1 am grateful to Dr. D. В a a t z and Prof. Dr. J. E. Bogaers for their help and criticism. I wish to express my particular thanks to Mr. W. SHanson for supervision and correction of the English text. 286