Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 16. 1975 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1978)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Makkay János: Excavations at Bicske. I, 1960. The Early Neolithic – The Earliest Linear Band Ceramic. p. 9–60.

trenches T. and II. 1971, but no signs of such SopotBicske pits were found above house 1. 1971. This level is contemporary with the Notenkopf pottery period, because it lies under the closed Sopot-Bicske level and above the Early Neolithic remains. It is the habitation level of the Notenkopf pottery peoples who, after a short period, followed the Early Neolithic peoples, and whose settlement remains may be found above the burnt remains of House 1. 1971. 140—160 cms: This level is that of the yellow-gray neolithic humus (so-called subhumus), lying above the virgin soil. It contains many small nodules of chalk. Pit house 1. 1971 began at the surface of this neolithic humus level and cut into the virgin soil. Contours of this pit house 1. 1971 could not be recognized on the surface of this level (at a depth of 140 cms) however, because the contours of the pit house and of the neolithic humus could not be differentiated. Drawings of pit house 1. 1971 therefore show the contours of this house from a depth of 160 cms, the point where the house was cut into the lighter colored virgin soil. There are however, signs that the house construction began at the 140 cm level. In the level between 140 and 160 cms, especially at places which lie above the edge of the pit house in the virgin soil and outside at a distance of 40 — 50 cms, rich remains of the Early Neolithic (intact vessels, a bone spatula, colouring stones, and two saddle querns) were found. These related artifact concentrations occur at the visible edge of the pit house above the virgin soil and extend outward along the projected outer border of the building to a distance of 40-50 cm. The dark and loose house fill was easily distinguished at the depth of 160 cms in trench I. 1971. Excavations were discontinued here and the work continued in trench II. 1971, where, at the depth of 160 cms, the portion of house 1. was excavated together with the portion from trench I. 1971. Excavations of the pit house were finished in 1972 in trench V. 1972. At its deepest point the house cut into the virgin soil to a depth of 247 cms. It has a kidneyshaped form, with a concave northern end. Here, a flat surface lay in the virgin soil at a depth of 180 cms. Three small ovens were built in this area. The neolithic humus and the upper part of the virgin soil was removed during the prehistoric construction of these ovens. As a result the oven area ran directly into the house. In the center of the pit house was a 20 cm deep oval depression, with three smaller post-holes at its bottom. It may represent the remains of either one large post with a tripod base or three vertical small posts used to support a conical roof. At the inner edge of the house at more than 160 cms, again in the center of the house, around the central house depression, were 8—10 cm thick round or semicircular postholes, cut 8 — 20 cms into the virgin soil. Some of these post-holes lie vertically while others lie in oblique angles to the floor of the house. The obliquely angled post-holes were inclined inward, toward the central roof post(s) of the house where presumably they were bound together. To the east of the central post(s) was a small trough-like inner pit, with a nearly quadrangular depression in its center. There were small vertical postholes at the two ends of the trough. The other sides of the pithouse were gently sloping although the area near the trough by the east wall of the pit was almost perpendicular. The entrance thus could not have been here. There were signs of burning with much ash and burnt wattle and daub fragments at the southern edge of the pit house above 160 cms. At first it appeared that the fireplace of the house was located here. After cleaning however, no such fireplace was found, and we came to the conclusion that during the unexpected destruction of the house, the wooden parts of the wall and roof constructions fell on the southern edge of the house, while the posts were burnt into the fill. These burnt remains were found between 140 and 150 cms, as well as in the uppermost level of the house fill. Furthermore two distinct levels of artifact concentrations were uncovered. The first level, B0 to 90 cm from the burnt area in the neolithic subhumus level at 140 —160 cms was on the outer edge of the pit house. The second level, at 160— 180 cms, on the gentle slope of the pit house was near its perimeter. Two groups of many artifacts each were found in these upper and lower levels of the house. These artifacts were comprised of two saddle querns, 4 — 5 intact vessels i. e. broken but with the fragments still in place, lumps of red ochre, and a bone spatula. During the burning one of the saddle querns fell on the vessels. These objects may have been kept on a shelf or on a higher wooden bank and tumbled at the time of the fire to the edge of the house. South from the central posthole(s), in the center of the pit house and above a 20 cm thick brown fill of prehistoric habitation refuse, was found a large upside down globular jar, (PL V ,3) near a small bowl (PL J 11,7). Under the mouth of the globular jar was a small miniature vessel (PL 111,5). Above these vessels was a large fragment from the shoulder of a big high-necked storage jar. The globular jar was found unbroken. No further fragments were found of the high-necked storage jar. This shoulder part must therefore have been used for a special but as yet unknown purpose. The three ovens were built on the stamped yellow clay virgin soil. Their walls were plastered with chafftempered and poorly cleaned clay. The upper surfaces were constructed with stamped clay. There was no apparent floor-lining. The walls were burnt red, while the floors were black and sooty. The upper parts of the oven vault had collapsed so that the inner fill of the ovens contained large 2 — 4 cm thick vault fragments. The walls were 2 — 6 cms thick. One of the ovens was probably divided into two parts, the remaining lower parts of the dividing wall were found on the floor. Oven No. 2 had a chimney-like 13