Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 15. 1974 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1976)
Irodalom – Bescprechungen - Lukács László: V. Frolec, Tradieni vinařstvi na Moravě. XV, 1974. p. 255–257.
Familienoberhauptes Waren, während die Teller und Schalen als persönliches Eigentum der Familienmitglieder galten, die ihr Geschirr —- um es unterscheiden zu können — mit einem Zeichen versahen." G. — K. : „Innerhalb einer Familie wird man keinen Anstoß nehmen, wenn Teller verwechselt werden (aus zivilen Siedlungen haben wir vermutlich aus diesem Grund sehr viel weniger Grafitti)." Ihre Schlußfolgerung, wonach die Unterscheidung des Geschirrs in den Militärkantinen notwendiger war, dürfte wahrscheinlich stimmen, doch möchte ich auch die andere Möglichkeit nicht ausschließen, denn zum einen wurde der größere Teil des Materials von Intercisa auf dem Gebiet des uicus gefunden und zum anderen sind die zivilen Siedlungen überall weniger gründlich erforscht als die Militärobjekte. Die Verfasserin stellt fest, daß die meisten Zeichen von Militärs, namentlich von Gemeinen herrühren. Vielleicht hätte sie noch versuchen können, eine schärfere Trennungslinie zwischen römischen Bürgern und peregrini zu ziehen und etwas ausführlicher den Ursprung der Namen und die Herkunft der Personen zu erörtern. Hoffentlich V. FROLEC, Tradicni vinafstvi na Moravë. Opera Universitatis Purkynianae Brunensis Facultas Philisophica 198. Brno, 1974. 256 p. Czecho-Slovak ethnology has produced recently two works of utmost importance for comparative ethnographical investigations in the countris of Central and Eastern Europe. After the book ofE. Kohounová about Slovakian press-houses, cellars and wine presses (E. Kahounová, Uudové vinohrádnícke stavby a lisy. Bratislava, 1969) we have now the pleasure to read a monograph on Moravian viticulture by V. Frolec. By way of introduction V. Frolec summarizes his program in connection with the ethnological research of viticulture. Viticulture, as a special branch of agricultural production, has multisecular traditions. The investigation of these traditions is a task of ethnology which reconstructs the development of the material, social and spiritual components of the cultural phenomena by means of own specific methods, taking into consideration their historical, geographical, interethnical and social interactions as well. The object of ethnological research on viticulture is the vineyard with its natural conditions and historical characteristics, its buildings, working processes and implements. The examination of the vineyard's un written laws and customs is also of major importance. Finally, the enhtological observations must include every detail of life in the vineyard, working days and holidays, social, spiritual and folklore manifestations. This concept determines the contents of the present monograph. Dealing with the natural conditions, the first chapter points out that for climatical reasons it was only the southern part of Moravia which was suitable for viticulture. On account of the much more ad vantageous natural conditions, however, viticulture played already in the Middle Age a far more important role in Moravia than in Bohemia. There was actually a significant viticulture in the hilly country of Southern Moravia, along the bends of the Upper Dyje, in the Jihlava Basin, in the catchment area of the rivers Svratka and Svitava, to the north of Brno as far as the southern part of the Drahany plateau and the chain of the White Carpathians. Three main viticultural areas can be distinguished here : Znojmo-Mikulov, Hustopeöe-Hodonín and Bzenec-Stráznice. The first written documents on Moravian viticulture are from the 11 th — 12 th centuries. In the period between the 11 th and the 13 th century viticulture was mainly practised by the monasteries and the nobility. The golden age of Czecho-Moravian viticulture was between the 14 th and the 16 th centuries. The Thirty Years' War caused a considerable recession, since many Moravian vineyrads were destroyed and not replanted any more. The decline kept on during the 18 th с and was followed by a shortlived upswing at the beginning of the 19 th с This ended in the wird sich die Verfasserin eine gründlichere, diesbezügliche Analyse nicht versagen. Ein äußerst nützlicher Teil des Bandes ist die Aufzählung der vorkommenden Buchstabenformen in alphabetischer Reihenfolge, wobei die Verfasserin wiederholt sehr wertvolle Beobachtungen macht. Der größere Teil des Bandes besteht aus dem illustrierten Katalog, der auch einige wichtige Hinweise enthält. Allerdings werden im Fundort-Katalog, S. (8), die sichtlich erst nachträglich aufgenommenen Stücke 563 und 564 nicht angeführt Der zweite Teil des Bandes ist die Arbeit von L. В а к к e г , der die genaue Altersbestimmung der Stücke angibt. Vielleicht wäre es einfacher gewesen, die Stücke in beiden Katalogen mit gleicher Zahl zu versehen. Die beiden Verfasser leisteten eine anerkennenswerte Arbeit, die Mängel des Bandes sind eher auf die Unerforschtheit des Themas zurückzuführen. Die Nützlichkeit ihrer Arbeit ist aber jedenfalls unbestreitbar und dürfte hoffentlich dem diesbezüglichen Interesese neuen Aufschwung verleihen. Zs. Visy last third of the century with the phylloxera pandemic. The downward trend continued in the first half of this century as far as the 1930's when the reconstruction of viticulture was started in Moravia. The viticultural buildings are sited in Moravia next to the vineyard (press-houses, cellars), although they can be sometimes found within the village, arranged in groups. V. Frolec mentions among the sacral buildings the chapels of St. Urban, statues, pictures and wooden crosses. A. V a j к a i has called the attention of Hungarian research workers on the sacral buildings of Transdanubian vineyards. St. Urban's chapels could be found on the vineyards of Mór and Adony (County Fejér), two boroughs repopulated in the 18 th с partly with German settlers. In Adony St. Urban's chapel was actually built in 1811. In the chapter about the viticultural works of the crop year the author makes the remarkable statement that the cycle of these activities presents the same characteristics in all European viticultural regions, as far as the main techniques are concerned. This suggests the existence of contacts between the European viticultural regions during the different historic periods. The development of the implements permits to observe the development trends of viticulture, the cultural communities developing between some wine-districts and the development of local characteristics. V. Frolec specifies in details the different implements, such as the very archaic vine-knives, the soil-tilling tools, the implements of vinespraying and vintage, the wine-presses and the winecasks. The buildings described play a most important role in viticulture. The first caves mentioned in mediaeval historic sources belonged to the landlords and the churches, while several documents of the 16 th —17 th с mention also those of the peasants. In Moravia most of the caves were carved in the rock or dug into the loess. They are actually comparable with those dug in Germany and France as well as in the Tokaj wine-district in Hungary. Another category of Moravian caves was vaulted with stone or brick. The caves were usually sunk under the soil or, less frequently, into steep slopes. In South-Eastern Moravia there are also press-houses without caves. The author mentions analogies to the one-story press-houses in the Bohemian, Austrian and Hungarian regions of the Danubian basin. In Hungary it was A. Vajkai who pointed out the morphologically double appearance of the one-story press-houses in the Balaton Highlands. From the front these decorative urban buildings are rather impressive with their ornate gable, whereas from the side they look like quite simple peasant houses. This goes also 255
