Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 8.-9. 1967-1968 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1968)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Éry Kinga, K.: Reconstruction on the tenth Century Population of Sárbogárd on the Basis of Archaeoloogical and Anthropological Data. – A sárbogárdi X. századi közösség rekonstrukciója régészeti és embertani adatok alapján. VIII–IX, 1967–68. p. 93–147. t. XXVI–XLV.

B. Fractures Healed fractures could be observed on the following bones: clavicula, ulna, tibia, fibula costa, vertebra, sacrum( ?). Since the number of fractures may possibly be affected by the peculiarities of the way of life, let us compare the pertinent data of six cemeteries. Among the six series introduced in Table 17 the highest percentage of fractures in most instances may be found among the populations of Gáva and Sárbogárd. Both communities entered the area of Hungary during the Magyar conquest. Horse back riding either because of military ventures or the keeping of large animals still had an important role in the way of life of these populations. Very likely the large number of fractures can be attributed to it. The populations of the other four cemeteries introduced, on the other hand, was already settled; thus they lived a different type of life (Kérpuszta, the cemeteries of Zalavár) and even it they had military service it was restricted to defence rather than to offence (Fonyód-Fortlet). It is therefore likely that fractures represent only a small percentage of the injuries in the material of these latter cemeteries. C. Degenerative Changes The cases of arthrosis deformans, spondylosis deformans and spondylarthrosis et arthrosis costovertebralis are classed by literature as degenerative changes. These comprise the greatest percentage of macrostructural pathological changes in the osteological material of historical periods. The cause of their varying frequencies must be sought mainly in the living conditions or the resistance of the given population to these injuries. For this reason it is interesting to compare the percentages of the occurrence of degenerative changes in the former six series. Examining the values of Table 18 we can make observations similar to what we found when studying the frequency of fractures. The frequency of the three degenerative lesions found in Sárbogárd and Gáva are almost identical. Kérpuszta and Zalavár-Chapel show lower but similarly identical values. The circumstance that the number of degenerative changes in each of these populations is similar again might be the result of identical social circumstances and ways of life identically affecting the health of these population. D. Senile Athrophy Symmetrical parietal athrophy occurred in two instances among individuals of the Senilis group. In one of these cases even a very advanced degeneration of the vertebral body was observed. E. Metabolic Diseases Rachitis or osteomalatia could be deduced from the cranium shape (caput quadratum) and the curved femurs of three individuals. F. Inflammatory Processes The following diseases can be included from our listing : osteomyelitis chronica among three individuals, periostitis chronica of one individual, ostitis rarificans of one individual, spondylitis chronica ( ?) of one individual and cysta alveolaris maxillae et mandibulae among 12 individuals. (To this latter I have included even the mild phases.) G. Tumors In one case I could distinguish the occurrence of tumor multiplex (myeloma multiplex). H. Dental Diseases a. P r e-m ortem loss of teeth. A greater percentage of females than males of Sárbogárd lost their teeth premortem. But while loss of teeth occurred among males in the Juvenis group we did not find teeth missing among the females of the same age group. On the other hand the females in the Adultus-Maturus group lost more than twice as many teeth as the males of the same age group (Males 11.6%, females 28.4%). b. Dental caries. The caries-frequencies shows essentially the same tendency above. In case of males the frequency does not essentially change with age, but a great increase can be experienced for females. This phenomenon can be attributed to the metabolic changes occurring during pregnancy, a general cause known the world over. Caries among males between 23-59 amounted to 2.4% while for females in the same age group, 5.6%. If we study the total values of the two sexes between 15-x years of age in three cemeteries, we find that even the frequency of caries was similar for Sárbogárd and Gáva (Table 19), but if compared to data in literature the frequency in all three categories can be regarded as low.

80 Caries in milk teeth are frequent in Sárbogárd (6.2%). In Fonyód this amounts to only 2.2%.

81 I observed no caries in the permanent teeth of children in the In fan group. с Abrasion. According to my observations he st degree of abrasion in Sárbogárd corresponds to whta could be expected for the different age groups. In regard to this phenomenon I found no differences between the two sexes. I. Symbolical Trephining Symbolial trephining was found on 5 individuals from Sárbogárd: four women and one man. One of the four women was in the Maturus and three in the Senilis age groups, the male is of the Maturus group. Two of the women were trephined on two occasions. The shapes of the trephines are circular and less than 1 cm in diameter. In all instances on the female skulls they were placed on the right parietal bone, between the bregma and vertex, next to the sutura sagittalis. The second trephines were done next to or almost on top of the earlier ones. Trephines of the male is found in the same place as on the female skulls with the exception of the side, the left parietal bone. The method of execution, form and location of the noted phenomena are the same as those of the great majority of trephinations thus far known from the 10-1 lth century in Hungary.

82 J. Palaeoserological Data I am indebted to I. Lengyel who kindly determined the ABO blood groups of the bones by fluorescent anti-body method and my thanks go to him for releasing the results for this study. According to his tests the В 80 M. FÜSTÉ: Estudio anthropológico de los esqueletos inhumados en tumulos de la región de Gaïdar (Gran Canaria) (Las Palmas de Gran Canada 1961-62); D. R. BROTHWELL: Digging up Bones (London 1963). si Gy. HUSZÁR: Anthr. Hung. 6 (1963) 158-162. »a J. NEMESKÉRI -К. К. ÉRY-A. KRALOVÁNSZKY: Anthr. Közi. 4 (1960) 3-32. 120