Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 8.-9. 1967-1968 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1968)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Éry Kinga, K.: Reconstruction on the tenth Century Population of Sárbogárd on the Basis of Archaeoloogical and Anthropological Data. – A sárbogárdi X. századi közösség rekonstrukciója régészeti és embertani adatok alapján. VIII–IX, 1967–68. p. 93–147. t. XXVI–XLV.

suggest that the mandible and facial skeleton are more affected by age than the brain case, in other words the brain case assumes its adult form sooner than other parts of the skull. There are only a few values which do not change from one age group to the other.

62 The percentages of such cranial measurements of the two sexes show no essential differences, then the post-cranial measurements do. Twenty percent of the post-cranial measurements of males reach adult size with the Juvenis age, but the same does not hold for any post-cranial measurements of females. It is interesting to note that while the body height of males in the Juvenis stopped rising, this is not so for the females. The decreasing values show no peculiar pattern.

63 The reduction might be related to the transformation, the gradual disappearance of the paedomorphic character of the skull in regard to the frontal angle and a few archchord measurements. 4. Variation of Characteristics The homogeneous or heterogeneous character of the anthropological composition of the population of Sárbogárd can be clearly judged on the basis of the variations of characteristics. In the examination of the degree of variation I made use of the "mean intraracial S.D." of A. J. van Bork — Feltkam p.

64 In case of those measurements or indices for which Bork — Feltkam p did not calculate standard deviation I employed W. W. H о w e 11 s' "mean sigma's".

65 In one case I based my calculations on the standard deviation computed by A. T h о m a.

66 In Table 14 after the "sigma ratio", i.e., mean sigma (a) of Sárbogárd I gave in brackets which authors' date are used. Since the "mean sigma" was based both by Bork — Feltkamp and H owells on measurements and indices of male skulls, I could depend in my calculations only on these figures. I used the following test to examine the significance of the difference between the theoretical variance and that estimated from the sample f = ÍZ (*i-*)* a i=l with the degrees of freedom of the sample variance. The variation of the males of Sárbogárd (23—59 years of age) may be seen in Table 14 in regard to the cranial measurements and indices. Accordingly 9 measurements of the 11 examined brain case measurements have a variation greater than average. There is a significantly large variation in the measurements of the maximum cranial length, horizontal circumference and median sagittal arc. On the other hand 11 of the 13 examined measurements of the facial skeleton and mandible have variations smaller than average. The bizygomatic breadth and the nasiongnathion height has a significantly small variation. Among the indices the cranial index has a significantly great variation. 62 For the males the unchanging values are the following: Cranium: 20, 25, 28/1, 31, 48, 52, 55, 57, 57/1, 61; Humerus: 4; Ulna: 13; Femur: 19; Calcaneus: 1; Stature. 63 For the males the decreasing values are the following: Cranium: 5, 7, 17, 24, 27, 30, 32, 32/la, 38, 72, 80/2, 71/a; Femur: 1; Tibia: 1/a; Talus: 2; Sacrum: 2; Inc. isc. breadth. 64 A. J. van BORK-FELTKAMP: Man 50(1950) 17-19. «s W. W. HOWELLS: Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. 46(1941) 103-219. «6 A THOMA: Anthr. Közi. 4 (1957) 67-79. From all these it may be seen that the measurements of the brain case of the males of Sárbogárd are heterogeneous while those of their facial skeletons are rather homogeneous. In order to properly understand this peculiarity of Sárbogárd let us compare the data to similar values of two other populations. As Table 16 shows, skull measurements and indices of the homogeneous Westerhus population vary between very narrow limits around the mean sigma. Simultaneously the values of Kérpuszta, which according to P. L i p t á к has a very heterogeneous population taxonomically speaking, are much higher than average but they vary just as uniformly.

67 From the analysis of the pattern of variation we discover therefore that the male population of Sárbogárd was composed of such elements whose brain cases had different characteristics while certain features of their facial skeletons are similar. 5. Morphological Survey The given picture of the variation of measurements is similarly proved by the analysis of the morphological traits. Table 25 gives the frequency and groupings some of metric data of the cranial and post-cranial bones and the appearance some of examined morphological traits. The Table contains the data of the group between 23 and 59 years of age. Altogether 24 males and 17 females could be included in the examination. Because of the small number of cases the percentage values were not computed: only the number of cases is given. The examined morphological traits are based on the works of R. Marti n

68

, E. A. H о о t о n,

69 W. W. H о w e 11 s,

70 G. О 1 i v i e r,

71 and P. L i p t á к.

72 The measurements and indices are grouped according to R. Marti nj

3 W. Scheid t,

74 and R. В i a s u 1

1 i.

75 In the following, however, the general description of the morphological characteristics of the population of Sárbogárd will be given only with much reservation because the modal groups due to the great variation of the majority of characteristics cannot be perfectly distinguished from one another. For this reason the following short listing of characteristics cannot substitute the thorough* examination of Table 25. a. Brain Case. It is generally characteristic that the muscle marking of males is moderately developed while those of females are relatively more expressed.There were relatively few deformed : half the cases are of vital origin (plagiocephaly, caput quadratum, scaphocephaly) and the other half are of post-mortem origin. Males had a medium cranial capacity (euencraneous) while the females large capacity (aristencraneous)

. Viewed from norma verticalis the brain-case of the" males are long, medium-long and short with mesocraneous dolichocraneous and brachycraneous indices. The brain cases of females are rather long with a mesocraneous «' P. LIPTÁK: Acta Arch. Hung. 3 (1953) 303-370. 68 R. MARTIN: op. cit. 69 E. A. HOOTON: The Indians of Pecos Pueblo (New Haven 1930). ™ w. W. HOWELLS: Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. 46 (1941) 103-219. 71 G. OLIVIER: Pratique Anthropologique (Paris 1960). 72 P. LIPTÁK: Embertan és emberszármazástan (Anthropology and Human Evolution) (University text, manuscript, 1962). 73 R. MARTIN: op. cit. 7Í W. SCHEIDT: Rassenforschung (München 1927). 7

5 R. BIASUTTI: Homo 2 (1951) 97-99. 117