Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 8.-9. 1967-1968 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1968)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Éry Kinga, K.: Reconstruction on the tenth Century Population of Sárbogárd on the Basis of Archaeoloogical and Anthropological Data. – A sárbogárdi X. századi közösség rekonstrukciója régészeti és embertani adatok alapján. VIII–IX, 1967–68. p. 93–147. t. XXVI–XLV.

+ 0,50(2) 1 ZUC + 0,77 Г2/0 1 lidZ + 0,29(7) 1 UC •+" i 1 1 1 1 1—

T 1 1 1 Г I— 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 0,0 Fig. 23. The morphological sex-expression b. Sex-dimorphism in morphological traits The metric data only generally show the degree of the sex-dimorphism of a population. But we find no clue as to what factors brought about the sex-index. Thus we do not know whether it is composed of, for instance, the values of the measurements of slightly feminine (i.e., masculine type) females or strongly masculine males or just the opposite, slightly masculine (i.e., feminine type) males and very pronouncedly feminine females. Neverthless knowledge of this question is significant for biological reconstruction. As J. Nemeskéri already pointed out, the degree or level of sex-dimorphism of the descriptive characteristics provides a proper basis for expressing these differences.

47 I made the analysis of the morphological traits on the basis of the values of 22 characteristics examined during the determination of sex and reported on in the publication of K. K. Éry — A. Kralovánszky — J. Nemeskéri.

48 The 22 characteristics are composed of the estimations and calculations primarily based on morphological and to a lesser extent on the metric data of 12 cranial and 10 post-cranial measurements. Each critérium determining sex is divided into 5 degrees : between the strongly masculine +2 and strongly feminine —2 limit values (+2, +1, 0, —1, —2 degrees). In case of males the 0 value expresses femininity, while in case of females it means masculinity.

49 Table 10 presents the modal values of the degree of sex-dimorphism of adults (23—59) in regard to the 22 examined characteristics. It can first be determined that sex-dimorphism is pronounced on the post-cranial bones than on the skull. This agrees with what can be learned from the metric data. The second observation is that the components of the sex-dimorphism of the population of Sárbogárd is made up of moderately feminine females and rather markedly masculine males. While the mean values of the characteristics of male and female post-cranial bones are essentially the same distance from the 0 centre, the mean value of the characteristics of the female skulls are closer to the 0 than that of the males. Figure 23 shows the mean sex coefficient of the population of Sárbogárd divided according to sex and age groups. (The total includes only those cases where the 4

?J. NEMESKÉRI: Acta Biol. Hung., Suppl. (1964) 32-33. 48 K. K. ÉRY-A. KRALOVÁNSZKY-J. NEMESKÉRI: Anthr. Közi. 7 (1963) 41-90. 49 I modified the grouping of the cotylo-sciatic index published in the quoted study according to my own experiences: -2 = x-64, -1 = 65-84;0 = 85-90; +1 = 91-110; +2 = 111-x. I also modified the grouping of the ischio-pubic index for I made the measurements according to J. Gaillard (Bull, et Mém. Soc. Anthr. 2 Ser. XI [1961] 92—108) and consequently I took into consideration his limit values as follows: -2 = x-116; -1 = 115-106; 0 = 105-100; +1 = 99-90; +2 = = 98-x. 99 ] - 0,49 (9) "1 -0,55 (17) -0,27 (3) -i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 г — 0,2. 0Л 0,6 0,8 1,0 of males and females in different age-groups sex representation was at least 0.5.) In the Juvenis age group—as we can note

—the femininity of females is very prominent while the males have a very low degree of masculinity. Its cause may be that in this age group the paedomorphic features still dominate the distinctive sexual characteristics. In the Adultus

—Maturus group the feminine character of females is halved in comparison to the Juvenis or rather the paedomorphic features vanish. At the same time the masculine character of males doubles which on one hand is concerned with the disappearance of juvenile features or rather the appearance of gerontomorphic features. In the Senilis age group the femininity of females is slightly reduced in comparison to the level of the Adultus

—Maturus age group, while the masculinity of males is increasingly reduced. At Senium we find an equilibrium of the masculinity of males and the femininity of females which is expressed in the Figure by the symmetry. In order to survey the degree of sex-dimorphism let us examine the sex coefficients of the 4 cemeteries presented in Table 11. In case of all 4 series the masculinity of males is more prominent than the femininity of females. In Sárbogárd, Gáva and Fonyód

50 the masculinity of males is at the same high level, but in these series the females do not have the same degree of morphological sex-expression. The femininity of the females of Sárbogárd is at a comparatively high level among the values of the 4 series. The prominence of the sex-dimorphism of the morphological characteristics of the adults of Sárbogárd agrees with the value derived from the sex-dimorphism: of the measurements. The very low values of the morphological characteristics of Kérpuszta pose a separate problem. Namely, in this instance the average index of the sex-dimorphism of the cranial measurements is very high and is superior to the value of the Sárbogárd group. We do not know the metric sex dimophism of the post-cranial bones of Kérpuszta which in the given instance (see the Lapps) may reduce the mean value. But it is not likely that this reduction would be so great that it becomes as low as that introduced for the morphological-expression. It is possible that in this case we have to think of a certain methodological error or even underestimation, but the final answer to the question requires further research. It is difficult in every instance to decide how many factors can affect the degree of morphological sex-expression of a population. The degree depends primarily on the extent of the influence of endocrine factors, but also on which anthropological types are present in the studied population. Now we have to face the question whether the way so J. NEMESKÉRI: Anthr. Hung. 6 (1963) 134-136. 115