Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 4.-5. 1963-1964 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1965)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Bóna István: The Peoples of Southern Origin of the Early Bronze Age in Hungary I–II. IV–V, 1963–64. p. 17–63. t. I–XVII.

G. V. Childe as the proof of Aegean-Anatolian ethnical immigration or cultural influence respectively.

158 An enumeration and detailed analysis of warm sea shells and snails found in our Bronze Age cemeteries

159 has corroborated Childe's statement. Basic forms of theCopper Age A part of the jewels familiar in the cemeteries of the Pitvaros group became known in South Eastern Europe since the early phase, but mainly from the .middle of the Copper Age. In our case they may be reduced to local or South Eastern European roots immediately: 1. Copper or bronze awls respectively.. (PI. IV no. 19; PI. VILA no. 3). They are at home from Egypt to the Danube since the Aeneolithic Age in a form of various sizes, but essentially identical, see e. g. Negade, ВуЪlos, Tarsus, Alishar, Kusura, Thermi, Troy, Veselinovo, Moravica, Bubanj, Gornja Tuzla, Marosdécse. 2. Spectacle-shaped spiral. (PI. IV no. 9; PL VIII no. 8). Several specimens are appearing in the Copper Age cemetery at Jordanov (Jordansmuhl),

160 used, as it is shown by graves 27 and 29, as ornaments of the head or Trinkets susoended at its both sides. In the cemetery of Brzesc Kujawski of the same culture

161 the spiral is equally used as decoration for the hair and as the suspended central member of a necklace. An exact parallel of the latter use is found in a Phoenician statuette of Astarte.

162 Spectacle-shaped spirals (8 pieces) are also known from the famous Stollhof gold find,

163 coeval and related to the Jordanov and Brzesc Kujawski graves, belongig to the orbit of the flourishing Copper Age (Bodrogkeresztur). Spectacle-shaped trinkets make their appearance in the layer Hissar III

164 in the third millennium already, their use in the Ancient East may be followed continually in the second millennium too.

165 In the Middle Danubian Basin we do not meet the type in the Late Copper Age Pécel culture, nay its only appearance at the beginning of the Bronze Age is, beside the cemeteries of the Pitvaros group, in the inhumation grave 158 V. G. CHILDE: The Danube 218. 159 I. BONA: The Middle Bronze Age, underline heading Shells and Snails. 160 H. SEGER: Archiv f. Anthrop. 33/5 (1906) 116-141, Pl. 7 nos 1, 2, 9; Pl. 8 nos 1, 7; further Fig. 24. Cf. id., Schlesiens Vorzeit 7 (1916) 6-, Fig. 19. 161 K. JAZDZEWSKI: Gräberfeld der bandkeramischen Kultur in Brzesc Kujawski (Warszawa 1938) PI. 16 no. 2 and f; PI. 23 no. 11. 162 H. Th. BOSSERT: Altsyrien Fig. 581. 163 R. MUCH: Die Kupferzeit in Europa (Jena 1893) Fig. 29. 164 С F. A. SCHAEFFER: Stratigraphie Fig. 239 no. 16. 165 Ibid. Fig. 130 no. 29 (Gaza). 166 H. SCHROLLER: Die Stein- und Kupferzeit Siebenbürgens (Berlin 1933) 33, PI. 28 no. 10. 168 К. JAZDZEWSKI: op. cit. Pl. 16 с; Pl. 8 no. 3; Pl. 19 no. 4. of one Vládháza mound,

166 lying on the breast of the dead. Thus we may be induced to think that, together with the bronzes mentioned above we are faced by a type divulgated again at the beginning of the Bronze Age. 3. Bracelets of rolled wire. (PL IV nos 10, 11, 28; PL V nos 7—9; PL VI/A nos 4—8; PL VILA no. 9; PL VIII nos 6—7). We find them in the Copper Age in the graves of the jrientioned Jordanov

161 and Brzesc Kujawski

168 cemeteries. The presence of copper bracelets in the Stollhof hoard, connected with the former ones, is an important fact.

169 Their Balcanic origin or background is shown by the rolled bracelets uncovered in layer III of Gornja Tuzla

11{> (the last third of the third millennium), at Erősd

111 and, last but not the least, in the Habasesii hoard,

1712

' being linked by its disk of punched ornament both to Stollhof and Brzesc Flujawski. As regards the origin of the rolled bracelets we may allude to the Alishar,

113 Alaça,

1Ti Tarsus

115 and Kish™ etc. specimens. 7. The Őbéba golden disks Scarcely any of our Early Bronze Age finds has been dealt with as often as the Qbéba gold plates. The mistake of V. Pârvan, taking them for primitive Hallstatt local products,

177 was corrected by V. G. Childe already.

178 Childe attached the Óbéba cemetery, as he put it, faute de mieux in the Perjámos culture and dated it to the beginning of the Bronze Age. He derived the golden disks from the South-East, equally to the culture which produced them. Henceforth their dating to the Early Bronze Age suffers no doubt any more. J. Nestor, desiring to justify Childe's by no means decided classification, compared our disks on the testimony of their punched borders with a fragmentary bronze plate unearthed at Perjámos.

179 However, the punched border is so general a feature of prehistoric gold and bronze manufacture as to be hardly apt for the establishment of such close connections by itself. D. Popescu has published the disks twice,

180 but his treatment does not go beyond the mentioned discussion and the connections revealed by the same. 169 RMUCH: op. cit. Fig. 30. 170 B. COVIC: GZMS 1960-61, 135, PI. 10 no. 14. 171 F. LÁSZLÖ: Dolg. 5 (1914) 224-225, Figs 93-94; H. SCHROLLER: op. cit. Fig. 41 no. 13. 172 v. DUMITRESCU: Habesesti (Bukarest 1954) 435-441, Fig. 41 nos 2-3 and PI. 124. 173 H. H. VON DER OSTEN: The Alishar Höyük vol. II, Fig. 144. 174 R. О. ARIK: op. cit. PL 277. 175 H. GOLDMAN: op. cit. Pl. 432, Fig. 268. 1TO V. G. CHILDE : New Light 193, Fig. 72 (cemetery Kish A), 177 V. PAR VAN: Getica (Bukarest 1926) 342. 178 V. G. CHILDE: The Danube 218. 179 J. NESTOR: BRGK 22 (1932) 84-85, n. 331. 180 D. POPESCU: op. cit. 69-72, Fig. 29 nos 6-7; id.; MatériáiéII (1956) 206-209, Fig. 123 nos 1-2. 34