Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 2.-3. 1961-1962 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1963)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Bóna István: The Cemeteries of the Nagyrév Culture. II–III, 1961–62. p. 11–23. t. I–XVIII.

XV no. 15). The area of extension of the Szigetszentmiklós type is relatively small. It is mainly characteristic of the region along the Danube, embracing both banks, as judged by the Homokszentlőrinc urn graves. (We shall publish these in another connection.) But the settlements are by fair denser along the western bank. The cemeteries are beginning south from Budapest, reaching down to the Bölcske—Paks region without interruption. Tho material of the southern cemeteries is somewhat different from that of the northern ones; they are the direct antecedents of the Kulcs type in all probabil-'ty. The burial rites of the Szigetszentmilklós type are characterized by the same duality as those of the ökörhalom type. The group contains doubtless numéros graves of scattered cremation yet (e. g. Szigetszentmiklós — War invalids' settlement, Kisapostag, Bölcske, Dunaújváros—Dunadülő). In spite of this fact we may state that in at least one half of cases people are burying their dead in urns already, placing the accompanying pottery into the same beside the ashes. During the period urn burial is gaining ground ever more, finally raising almost to hegemony in the Kulcs group We are going to enumerate the most characteristic forms of the Szigetszentmiklós ceramics only. Nagyrév jars and jugs. The type is characterized by large-size jars generally. They have classical Nagyrév forms, their long arched necks are joining the bulging bellies in small rims (PI. XVIII 2, 10). At Szigetszentmiklós the handle forms an arch from the upper part of the neck to the belly (PI. XIV 8, 12). Such is the jar in grave 1 of Alsónémedi/'

9 The jars of the stray grave at Szigetszentmilklós and the Alsónyék grave are somewhat different, approaching rather the ökörhalam type. The Nagyrév jugs are characterized by the com pressed globular lower part, the arched neck splaying like a funnel, and the strap handle starting from the rim (PI. XV 1, 7, 12). The angular biconical variety with the handle applied to the neck occurs at more then one occasion too (PI. XVII 8—9). Finally mainly in the south, the classic form with the handle situated on the neok or starting from the rim Ц also' frequent (PI. XVII 14; XVIII 4, 6, 17). Urns. The wide-mouthed high store-jar with a rather arched neck is typical in the first place. Below its swollen rim the neck is smooth, the body has a brushed surface (PI. XIV 1, 6). The other type urn is essentially a development starting from the ökörhaloni urns. Such are e. g. the Szigetszentmiklós urn no 4, the Rácalmás and the Bölcske urns. They have oval bodies, their bellies are decorated with lattice ornaments running round, their necks are tightening (PI. XIV 7; XVII 22—23, XVI 6). Bowls. They are of the usual Nagyrév type: on a truncated cone-shaped pedestal a more or less arching rim, with 2 to 4 handles bridging it over (Pi. XVI 3, 5, 9). One-handled goblets. This is one of the most characteristic forms of this type, frequent especially in the neighbourhood of the Csepel island. Their pedestals usually have a ring-like rim, their bodies are slightly arched, their rims somewhat splayin. Each has one small strap handle on the side (PI. XII 6; XVI 10—11). We known related vases from grave 2 at Alsónémedi."'

0 « N. KALICZ op. cit. pl. XXIII. ПО. 1. »»> Ibid. pi. XXIII nos 2—3. Pedestalled dishes. In most cases they are small truncated cone-shaped vases with one tiny hantdte reminding us of the Ökörhalom type (PI. XIV 2, XV 17). Those of Kulcs and Budapest

—Vámosegyháza are rather approaching the pedestalled dishes of the Kulcs group (PI. XVI 1; XVIII 7, 8). Handled jugs. Two types similar to each other may be mentioned from Szigetszentmiklós and Dunaújváros. Decoration. Szigetszentmiklós pottery is generally lacking decoration, leaving a few plastic ornaments aside, as the lattices running round the urns, partitioned with finger impressions, or the coarse brushing of the urns. A Százhalombatta jug shows simple incised patterns (PI. XV no 13). Two Szigetszentmiklós jars, having inverted U-shaped ribs on their bellies, deserve to be mentioned (PI. XIV no. 10, PI. XV no. 10), together with the Alsónyék jar ornamented with ribs too (PI. XV no, 15). Cemeteries of the Kulcs type They are supplanting the Szigetszentmiklós type in a rO'Ugly indentical area. Publishing the Nagyrév graves at Kulcs, we have summarized and valuated their material in outline already. Bronzes, jewels Except the coiled small copper tube of grave 7 at Alsónémedi and the gold ear-or lock-ring of grave 8

51 we do not know jewel finds from the types and graves reviewed above. Howerer, this is only due to defective excavations. Beside the jewels from Alsónémedi and those already presented from Kulcs, the Nagyrév type cremation graves of Dunaújváros—Dunadülő, both of the Szigetszentmiklós and the Kulcs type, have yielded numerous bronze lock-rings, spirals, green faience beads etc Having surveyed the types of the cemeteries of the Nagyrév culture, i' is indispensable to make three basic staternanits in order to continue our investigations: 1. The overhelming majority of the finds presented in our summary are doubtless derived from graves. Although a considerable proportion belongs to the stray finds, they have been classified on the basis of the less numerous authentic graves here, as far as it was possible. Our work was made easier by the fact that the settlements yielded a different or only partly similar Nagyrév pottery. In other words, Nagyrév man buried with his dead vessels manufactured especially for the graves, very often different from those for everyday use or festive occasions; or to put it inversely, the careiilly wrought vessels of good material, to be found in the settlements, were not placed in the graves generally. 2. The most important characteristic vessel of every Nagyrév cemetery and settlement is the one-handled "Nagyrév" jar and jug. At places where such ones are not occurring, Nagyrév culture is out of question. Therefore we want to emphasize that the brushed decoration of the vessel's surface is not identical either with "Tószeg A" pottery nor with the Nagyrév culture in a wider interpretation, as it is stated in some publications abroad The ornament of brushing on the vessels 5i Ibid. pi. XXIII nos 20—21. 19