Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 1. – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1960)
Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Bóna István: The Early Bronze Age Urn Cementery at Kulcs and the Kulcs group of the Nagyrév culture. I, 1960. p. 7–15.
is also ín the stratum A of Tószeg in the graves and in the settlement equally. 18 We find the parallels of the coloured faience pearls in the shape of flat disks, acquainted from tne Kulcs, Dunapentele and Kisapostag urns, also at Pitvaros and Óbéba. 19 On the other hand the starshaped green faience pearls known from the Nagyrév graves at Dunapentele in a large quantity, missing in the cemeteries dealt with, are parallel to the early Szőreg periods again. 20 So the bronze objects and pearls seem to be partly connected with the Early Bronze Age finds of the region around the mouth of the Maros river. But on the basis of certain self-standing types appearing only here (the racket pin,, the double spiral tube pearl) we are not obliged to regard them as commercial ware coming immediately from the Maros region, we may consider them rather as parallel appearances of southern types in related groups of southern origin. 4, The situation of the Kulcs group in the Nagyrév culture For the time being we may state as a fact that pottery of the Kulcs type is unknown in our Nagyrév settlements brought to light by excavations, i. e. in the stratum Tószeg A, Nagyrév, nay the lower stratum of the Kozider-padlás. at Dunapentele. This may be explained in three ways: 1. the Kulcs group is either earlier or 2. later than the development and existence of the settlements, or 3. we ought to distinguish between the pottery of the settlements and the graves. The last possibility can hardly be upheld, however, as we know Nagyrév urn cemeteries whose material is coincident with that of the settlements. In the extensive area and long period of the Nagyrév culture it was possible to distinguish numerous burial groups or layers different is space and time already. Here we are interested only in two divergent groups in one of the important cemeteries, that of Szigetszentmiklós. One is the type Szigetszentmiklós A, represented also in the already published urn cemetery of Tószeg—ökörhalom; we find it all over the area of the culture, without leaving a trace in the settlements. The other, the type Szigetszentmiklós В, is the closest relative of the Kulcs pottery. The type Szigetszentmiklós В forms a closed group on the right bank of the Danube from Budapest to Bölcske, covering more or less the area of extension of the Kulcs group. Its centre of gravity lies, howevex-, rather to the north, between Budapest and Adony according to the finds so far. We found the pottery of this type or group Szigetszentmiklós В in the lower stratum of the Kozider-padlás as a characteristic marterial. The „classic" " J. BANNER—I. BONA—I. MÁRTON, op. cit. Fig. 29 3. 19 J. BANNER, op. cit. Pl. IX. 18. 50 Ibid. Pl IX. 17. 21 E. g. F. TOMPA, Budapest története I. őskor. (The history of Budapest. Prehistory) (Budapest 1942.) PI. IX. 8—9. 22 J. BANNER, Az ószentiváni bronzkori telep és temető, 1928. évi ásatás. (The Bronze Age settlement and cementery at Nagyrév jugs known from our territory belong also to this one. Its graves occur in the Dunapentelle cemetery, at Bölcske-Szentandráspuszta (site A) and Kisapostag, i. e. at the same places where we find those of the Kulcs group. One of its urn types 21 is a near relative too, differring from the Kulcs urns only in its smoothed neck. Though the Kulcs and the Szigetszentmiklós В groups may have lived side by side for a time, one of them must be in fact earlier, being the ancestor of the other. Without stratigraphical or reliable topographical data of the cemeteries we cannot say with certainty at present, which one is the earlier. But we suppose that the Kulcs group is possibly not occurring in the settlements already, so it may be regarded as the last echo of the culture. 5. The situation of the Kulcs group in the Early Bronze Age The uncertainty alluded to is enhanced by the fact that I dealt with the group in the frame of a hitherto unpublished material. We find almost the same situation as regards the following. In the cemetery at Kulcs the Nagyrév period is followed by Kisapostag, then the early Vatya graves. But the Nagyrév group of Kulcs has no verifiable connexion with the Kisapostag culture either at the site giving its name or elsewhere in Eastern Transdanubia, while the type Szigetszentmiklós В is related to it. On the orther hand we can ascertain its survival in the earliest Vatya graves on the basis of the technique and material of pottery, together with the borrowing of some forms (urn, jug, bowl). So this datum seems to reveal the relatively late existence of the group after all. Its bronze jewels, expeeially the pearls are unknown both in the Kisapostag and Vatya cemeteries in this form. They are the more ferquent in the Early Bronze Age cemeteries along the Maros. The latter connexions are strengthened further by the striking indentity, catching the eye, between one of the twohandled jugs of grave 37 at Kulcs (Pl. IV, 1) and the jug of grave 19 at Ószentiván. 22 But the Kulcs and the early Szőreg pottery forms may be related to each other in other respects, too. 23 These connexions are dating also the urn cemeteries of the Kulcs group. Unfortunately the phases Szőreg 1 and 2 were not reliably distinguished from each other so far. All we know of them is that they belong to the period stretching from Early Bronze Age 2 to the middle of Middle Bronze Age l. 2 ' The Kulcs group of the Nagyrév culture fall evidently between the same limits. I. Bona Öszentiván. Excavation of 1928.) (Szeged 1929). Fig. 17. 3. Ibid. Fig. 5, 1 cup. Fig. 5, 2—3 jug and pot Fig. 12, 3 pot, Fig. 16. 3 mug. J. BANNER, Marosvidék... op. cit. Pl. IV. 18 а—с type pots, PI. V, 22 b/1 and с type bowls, PI. VIII. £0 a pedestalled cup from Pitvaros. According to the South German chronology it may be located before Reinecke A/1 or to its early phase.
