Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 1. – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1960)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Bóna István: The Early Bronze Age Urn Cementery at Kulcs and the Kulcs group of the Nagyrév culture. I, 1960. p. 7–15.

Fig. 4. Paks jugs,' bowls and pedestalled cups,

8 belonging to the Kulcs, group, and perhaps we may assign also one of the urns

9 here. More to the south the urn cemetery B. at BölcskeSzeníandráspuszta'

0 yielded urns (PI. X, 9, 13), a cup (PL X, 12), a jug (PI. X, 15) and small jugs. (PI. X, 10—11) of the Kulcs type. The Szombathely Museum acquired probably from the surroundings of Simontornya the vessels from such sepulchral urns: urns (Inv. no. 54, 504, 24, 28, 70) (PI. X, 1—3), and their possible accessories: jugs (PI. X, 4—5, 7—8) and a pedestalled cup (PI. X, 6). The southernmost extension of the group is signalled by the finds which came to the Szekszárd Museum from Paks: a jug (Pl. IX, 8), and small jugs (Fig. 4 and PI. X. 18—22).

u On the basis of all we have said we may state that the Kulcs group of the Nagyrév culture was extended on the right bank of the Danube from Adony to Paks. In a certain period a separate tribe or group of the Nagyrév culture may have lived in this territory. i 2. Burial At this occasion we may get a glimpse into the burial rites of the Kulcs group through the site giving its name (Figs 2—3). The graves were situated in groups. The distance between the two groups was 20 m. Inside the group the holes for the urns were dug in rows. In groups I and II we were able to define 11 or 12 graves respectively; the Dunapentele groups may have been as large as these. In the better preserved grave group II 5 urn holes were situated in one row, 7 in the 7 Ibid. PI. IX, 16, 36, 43—45. 8 Ibid. PI. X, 3—22. 9 Ibid. Pl. XU. 7. 10 In the Balog Adam Museum at Szekszárd. Among the vases derived from Szentandráspuszta, inventorized under no. 121/1933 the following may be mentioned: Urn, sepia; Urn, brown, one-handled, H: 2(7.8 cm; Jug, fragment, onehandled, H: 13 cm; Jug, one-handled, pock-marked, H: other. A cemetery probably served for the burial of a clan, while we may suppose a joint family in each of the groups or rows. In nearly one half of the urns children were buried, as it is borne out by their small measures, the scanty weak bones and the milk-teeth found among them. Several urns contained no bones at all, these were destined for the pulverized remains of entirely burnt sucklings or they were symbolic tombs. Some graves of females are marked by a few jewels and pearls; we might infer that the large-sized urns full of asihes belonged to men. The structure of the sepulchral urns is uniform. Each was covered with a single bowl. In grave group I the urn: was covered with a bowl generally, while in group II the mouth of the urn was closed with a bowl, placed with the bottom downwards. These two kinds of practice may perhaps suggest the different traditions of the joint families. The accompanying vases were placed in the interior of the urn, over or among the ashes, with the sole exception of larger vases, as large jugs etc. Each urn contains two vases almost as a rule: a handled jug and a pedestalled cup. Measures and workmanship of the urns and accompanying vases are extremely uniform in the Kulcs group, there is no essential difference between the majority of the graves. Therefore we cannot count with considerable material and social stratification in the people of this group. Small bronze jewels and pearls, coming to light from a few urns, mark only women or females, not a difference of rank. Implements are not occurring in the graves. Burials with less accompanying vases than the average or lacking the grave-furniture are only found among 12.7 cm; Cup, one-handled, H: 6.2 cm; RD: 13.3 cm; Jug, one-handled, H: 8.4 cm; Jug, one-handled, similar, H: 8.8 cm; Jug, one-handled, with an angular paunch. H: 9.2 cm. 11 M. WOSINSZKY, Tolnavármegye az őskortól a honfoglalásig (The county Tolna from Prehistory to the Conquest, Bp. 1896) PI. 86, 8—10. Similar ones in the collection of Dr Novak in the SzekszárdMuseum.