Fitz Jenő (szerk.): Die aktuellen Fragen der Bandkeramik - István Király Múzeum közelményei. A. sorozat 18. A Pannon konferenciák aktái 1. (Székesfehérvár, 1972)
R. R. Newell: A hollandiai vonaldíszes kerámia korakő-eszközeinek rokonsága a közéső kőkori kőeszköziparral
//. The Dutch Linearbandkeramik Flint Industry The Dutch Limburg flint industry is based upon the easily accessible flint of the Gulpen chalk formation. This was obtained fresh from the chalky deposits or collected as slightly transjjorted blocks and pebbles. In the first instance, it cannot be determined whether the flint nodules were excavated or merely collected from surface outcrops. However the sporadic occurence of Bandkeramik artifacts at flint producing sites such as Rijckholt indicates that flint exploitation, whether mining or surface collecting, was an important component of the new culture. This raw material, once obtained, was then worked into a variety of blanks, each dependent upon the fourfold basic technology. These are, in descending order of importance, the blade, flake, disc, and core traditions. Each tradition is largely mutually exclusive in concept, execution, and typological result. The blades are produced by a punch or other intermediary from a prepared core. Flakes are struck by a percussion technique, already described by В r u i j n<5), and result in rounded cores with many striking facets. The discs are wide, heavy, thick flakes which are roughly detached from blocks of raw flint by a heavy percussion technique. These roughed-out forms are then treated like cores in their manner of retouch. Finally, a very slight core tradition is present. Small and medium sized blocks of flint are percussion flaked into Triangular Implements and core axes or Axe Insets. The most important secondary technique is that of bladebreaking. As already demonstrated*61, this consists of simple percussion truncation without any previous preparation. More often, however, one or two notches are chipped into the side or sides and the blade is truncated transversally across the two indentations5 6 (7). This technique is utilized for the removal of the base, tip, or midsection of the blade. However, it is important to remember that in all cases, the break is transverse and the blade is never twisted in the true microburin fashion. Although absent from the Dutch industries, real microburins have been reported from Belgium and are connected with the characteristic facets on the tips of some points(8). The identical facets are found on Dutch Mesolithic and Oldesloe points as well as on numerous Bandkeramik examples. However, for the latter industry, the accompanying microburins have eluded discovery. The secondary retouch of the artifacts covers the complete range of techniques from wide, steep percussion flaking of disc tools to fine pressure steep retouch and flat, surface retouch of points. Also worthy of (5) A. BHUIJN, Technik und Gebrauch der bandkeramischen Feursteinyeräte. Palaeohistoria 6/7, 1958/59. (6) J. DOCÉUIER-HUART, Observations réalisées au cours de leur campagne de fouilles 1952. BSPF 51, 1954. mention are the burin-striking and resharpening techniques as well as the related technique of tranchet sharpening of flake axes. Typologically, the Dutch Linearbandkeramik flint industry can be divided into fifteen type-groups: Points, Borers, Burins, Miniature Scrapers, Double Scrapers, Short End Scrapers, Long End Scrapers, Discoid End Scrapers, Side Scrapers, Planes, Knives, Pics, Flake Axes, Axe Insets, and Triangular Implements. These type-groups are formed by a number of constituent types which are listed in Graph I and are fully described in the original publication. For our purposes, it is useful to consider the industry as a whole. The typological groups, with the exception of the points, are composed of a number of constituent subgroups which have been separated according to their respective basic technologies; ie. blade, flake, disc, and core. Such a separation is not merely a convenient classificatory device but rather is the key to the typological differentiation conceived and utilized by the people themselves. It will be demonstrated that each tool had its own place within the total industry and that every type had a definite role and function which was not duplicated by another type. The result of this specialization is the conscious selection of one or another basic technology for the manufacture of a a predetermined type. In most cases, the separate types exhibit a consistent variety of forms throughout the technological range. In other words, end scrapers with straight, convex, oblique, and denticulated ends are made on microblades, blades, flakes, and discs. Blade, flake, and disc burins display identical working edges, as do the borers. Finally, the axes are in general morphological agreement. This consistency in the variety of the specific types could be used to indicate that the technoligical divisions have no typological significance. However, an analysis of the respective ranges of variation of the lengths and widths indicates that this is not so. Each technological group forms its own unit which is largely separate from the other groups. There is little or no transition from one „size group” to another. Secondly, the respective types do not display a continuum which crosses from one technological group to another. In other words, the larget convex ended microblade scraper does not fall within the range of the Short End Scrapers or the Long End Scrapers. If this were the case, a frequency graph of all the length/width indices of the convex end scrapers would show a regular curve throughout (7) L. ELOY, Quelques cas de fractures de lames en silex avec préparations d’enoches dans l’Omalien. BSPF 54, 1957. (8) ID., Decouvertes importante dans le Danubien belge. Le microburin et sa signification. BSPF 60, 1963, 10
