Múzeumi Füzetek Csongrád 5. (Csongrád, 2002.)
Deák József Áron: A Csongrád környéki táj története a XVIII. század végétől napjainkig élőhelytérképek tükrében
orchards, the plough-lands have their own categories. The landlords has also owned maps on their properties. Especially the map created by Verdes for the Károlyi-family (late 18 th century) is very useful (1:14.000). The situation right after the regulation of the riverways is shown on the maps of the 3 rd military survay (1:75.000, 1872-1887). The feature of the landscape right before the socialist agricultural era can be studied on the 1950 military maps (1:50.000). All the different maps and their information are converted to the presently used Gauss-Kriiger maps. 3. Results and discussion In this following section I'll review my results via a landscape historical map series which has 5 parts (late 18 th , mid-19 ,h , early 20 th , mid 20 fh century & present situtation maps). To determine the past type of grasslands we need to use soil-maps, but because of the changes happened in the soils in the pasts the surface deposit maps (1:200.000, Rónai 1974) could be more useful. The alkalization of the soils in this area, especially in the Tiszazug is considered to be secondary (Nagy 1954), but west from Csongrád and north from Csépa ancient alkali-soda fields existed. The type of the woods is clearly shown at Lányi (1845). The interesting thing is that major changes can't be seen between the late 18 th and mid-19 th maps. The late 18 th century map is based on the 1 st military survey (1764-1787) and Vertics's map (late 18 th century) while the mid-19 th century map basicly on Lányi's map. Unfortunatelly just the 1 st military survey covers the whole area, but because of the little changes we can extrapolate. There are two things which can be seen clearly. First the hydrogeological situation differs from the present one. Secondly the landscape and its use was far closer to the natural. The river Tisza and river Körös curved freely (flowed into the present backwaters) built islands (for example Gyójai-, Kablát-, Lófogó-, Arany-island, Györfös) and sandbanks in the inner side of the curves. Numerous naturally disconnected backwaters existed in Bokros-puszta and in the Nagyrét (Ellésparti Holt-Tisza - Nagy-Gombás complex, Rázsonyi Holt-Körös). The Körös estuary situated in front of the fisher-village of Csongrád (the old centre) flowing through the Dög-Körös and Szakadás. Before the estury little side river-brenches brenched out from the river Körös delivering the floods of this river. The Kurca still exists, but nowadays it's difficult to see the bed of the Keskeny-ér or Tőke-ér. It means that an extended swamp-land with marsh-fields on the sides streched across the area from northwest to southeasternwards, which was the place of the cape-economy (Bellon 2000). It's typical that by that time the forests were restricted to small areas. Even the willowpoplar forests alongside the river Tisza were smaller (the bigest forests were at the upper cape of the Ellésparti Holt-Tisza, in the Ugi-field, in the Kelem (near to Tiszaalpár), and alongside lower Serházzug). There were several oak-elm-ash forests at Tiszaalpár, south from Tiszasas, in the Erzsébet-forest and in the Györfös. The flood-free areas were dominated by grasslands which were determined by the natural deposits. It meant that sand-field existed between Csongrád and Tiszaalpár (Pilisian-Alpárian Sandbank) and in the Tiszazug, while the area west from Csongrád was covered with loes-steppe-fields. Ancient alcali-fields and alkali-swamps were in the Fertő of Csépa, at the Bokrosi Kis- and Nagy Sóstó, in Kónyaszék, in Kettőshalom, in Elsőpart and at Csukás-tó. Plough-lands concentreted on the chernoziom soils of the South-Tiszazug, west from Csongrád and the flood-free Magyartés area. By the mid-19 th century extended vineyards were used to set the sands: the Öregszőlők is already shown in the 1 st military survey while the 2 Haleszes both at Csongrád and Szelevény can be dated back to the early 19 th century.
