A Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve: Studia Ethnographica 6. (Szeged, 2008)

Kondorosy Szabolcs: A szegedi vár pipái 1

SZŐKE B. 1974 Leletmentö ásatás az ún. Teleki laktanya udvarán. Arrabona 16. (1974) 75-99. VALLASEK, A. 1983 Dielna na vyrobu hlinenych fajok na Spisskom hrade. Archaeologia Historien 8. (1983) 233-241. TOMKA G. 2000a Régészeti feltárásokból származó XVII-XVIII. századi cseréppipák. In: Haider E.-Orgona A.-Ridovics A. (szerk.): A magyar pipa története, Budapest-Keszthely. 25-33. 2000b Török ásatási pipák. In: Haider E.-Orgona A.-Ridovics A. (szerk.): A magyar pipa története. Budapest-Keszthely. 121-130. 2005 Cserép pipafejek az ónodi vár ásatásaiból (1985-1991). Hetman Ottó Múzeum Évkönyve 44. (2005) 607-626. The Pipes of Szeged Castle by SZABOLCS KONDOROSY The 178 pieces of clay- and meerschaum-pipes found in the area of the onetime Szeged Castle may be considered a significant collection also nationwide. It is also worth noting that this finding reveals the material culture of the southern-eastern part of Hungary, possibly more exposed to Turkish cultural influences. Although the material was opened up in a mixed filling from not earlier than the 18" century, it was separable from point of view of forms, decoration and chronology. Most of the finding is made up of Turkish pipes; however, certain types may have been taken into the country already after the Turkish occupation. Similarly to the findings in Esztergom, the pipes found in Szeged may not be categorized into the main pipe-types; they are unique in their form. Nonetheless, several pipes were made after one model, documenting the existence of a local workshop from the period of the Turkish occupation. An obvious difference is outlined compared to the main pipe-types: the simple, solid, semi-globe shaped type, so typical in the region of the border castles, fell into the background here. Its place is taken by an attractive, unrelieved form with a thin wall, which is in turn not typical of the northern regions. The reason behind this difference may be that soldier life in the border castles was too hard to handle a fragile piece like this. This type, making up more than half of the collection found in Szeged, has connections to the Balkan, in the first place to Sophia, however, its region of origin and development is uncertain; also Szeged may be mentioned as possible place of origin. Another unrelieved type reflecting the pipe forms of the West has its origin in North-East Bulgaria, which is highly represented here as well. The low proportion of glazed pipes found in Szeged compared to those of the border region may also be due to Turkish (Balkan) cultural relations. (Glazing the pipes was not widespread in the Balkan.) All these show the distance of the city from the northern parts of the occupied territories, as well as its transitional position to the Balkan. The workshop seal with Arabic inscription found both in Szeged and Buda on different types of pipes may be considered as the first evidence of Turkish distance trade. Following the Turkish dome-shaped pipe type, the bulk products of 18

lh century Hungary are easily recognizable by their raw, red colour. In the newly formed united country Western influence is detectable also on the pipes decorated with southern German point-rosettes. Another long-lived type is one decorated with dots and lines staying in use also in the 19

lh century. The Turkish forms with rounded bowls lived on in the tulip-shaped forms of the 18

Ih century, decorated in Baroque style. Marks of workshops are rare in this century. It is new data that in the first half of the IS"

1 century trade connections to the Balkan are revived, marketing high quality products. The pipes of the 19

th century are characterized by a high chimney both in case of the cylinderheaded bulk products and the finally shaped factory pipes with workshop seals moulded in metal models. As for their cubic measure the pipes form the Turkish era show higher diversity (4,8-9,4 ml). The measures from the 18

lh century are more balanced (6,4-7,5 ml). 19

lh century brought about a sudden growth in the cubic measures of pipes (12-17,4 ml).