Bárkányi Ildikó - Lajkó Orsolya (szerk.): A Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve 2019. Új folyam 6. (Szeged, 2019)
Régészet - Oravecz Hargita: Szekeres László emlékére. Földbeásott agyatárolók a Kőrös-kultúra Ludas-Budzsák-i településen
Hargita Oravecz Underground clay containers from Körös site at Ludos Budzak Underground clay containers from Körös site at Ludos-Budzak Hargita Oravecz The food-storage of the early agrarian societies is a key element in securing nutrition for both short and long period. It largely impacted the development of storage technics, economy, settlement network, demography, and society. This paper presents archaeological evidences originating from Büdzsék (now called Ludos- Budzak in Serbian), the famous Körös site situated on Ludas lake peninsula, excavated by Mr. László Szekeres with the aim to learn more about the outer underground and desiccated clay containers. The study presents the ethnographic information on traditional grain storage methods collected from the traditional farming communities of Hungary. On almost 350 square meters, Mr. László Szekeres discovered 12 poorly reserved containers of this type, made out of bluish grey clay, explored in Ludas lake, and quite typical in this region. He found them in a separated pit, deep in loess soil level, fumigated and fired for insulation and disinfection. The containers consist of an opening and storage part, their shape resembles to that of the underground granaries used by village people up until recently. Sharing similar features, their casing was made from perishable materials. Each container has a clay lid, its opening closing tightly to prevent food or grain from unwanted biological processes. Their estimated size varies from 41 to 451 litres, if converted to weight and wheat 28,70 to 347 kilograms respectively. Larger specimens were suitable for grain storage. Smaller ones were usable for storing fruit, vegetable, meat, egg, etc, collected seasonally from the lake and nearby forests, to be stored in a mixed sandy, loess ashy soil. Ash is a well-known preservative, which was frequently used by village households before the first refrigerators appeared. None of the containers found contained any food. Discovered in an area with houses, each probably belonged to a household property. We identified 13 house- remains and numbered them based on the number of containers found, with a possibility of one or two containers belonging to one house. Exactly 53 container samples of the same type were explored at nearby Körös settlement Nosa-Biserna obala, completely resembling in technology, form, measure and in many details. 15 km away, at Gyálarét-Szilágyi major settlement, around six pit contained dried perished containers as well. Similar or slightly different containers of outer underground storage pits, with or without vessels of different size were used in Körös region, at Endrőd 3/39 and 3/111, or near Hódmezővásárhely Kotacpart-Vata tanya sites. Their inboard use was identified in a house of Tiszajenő-Szárazérpart. While we do not have full information on all of them as a lot might still be undiscovered, the available evidences show a great variety of underground storing systems used in the Alföld region during the early Neolithic. 27
