A Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve, 1971. 2. (Szeged, 1974)

Ecsedy, István: A New Item Relating the Connections with the East in the Hungarian Copper Age

the material of the depot to a period later than the Bodrogkeresztúr culture, it is not likely that the enemy presumed to have penetrated to the area had been the people of the pit-grave kurgans. We can totally exclude this possibility in the case of Karbuna and Habasesti. It can be possibly imagined that the cause of hiding the treasure is to be looked for in the Kainari

—Casimcea

—Marosdécse wave or in its certain groups respectively. This assumption is, of course, hypothetical, since the concealing of these highly valuable objects could be motivated by local factors and events that were historically insignificant. The process outlined here can not be conceived as a single penetration of short duration. On the territories indicated above we must count — beside the constant intercourses — with successive movements directed to the west meaning the penetration of severeal different groups of people in the same direction. The movement resulting in the above mentioned steppe-type complexes could be parallelled with the connections documented partly by the Bodrogkeresztúr-type copper adze the Karbuna-treasure, the Traian gold-pendant that can be found in the Cucuten

— Tripolye culture and partly by the obsidian-blade in the Csongrád-grave being definitely of Carpathian basin in its origin.

32 The connections outlined here are first within the intercourses of the two above-mentioned "cultural areas" and the fact that they had begun as early as the emergence of the "nomadic zone" points out the essential characteristics of the steppe way of life. The Carpathian basin constitutes hereafter the marginal territory of all nomadic steppe cultures.

33 The earliest steppe influences had nowhere been of such a size that they could have caused a breaking in the local development. The above mentioned cultural impacts, too, prevailed beside the strong survival of the local bases. We cannot assert the same about the penetration of the later and more developed Yamnaya culture differring in its size and character from the process assumed by us and represented among others by the burial place of Csongrád. 32 Dumitrescu, H., Connections between Cucuteni-Tripolje and Near Eeast Cultures in the Light of the Utilization of Golden Pendants. Dacia. N. S. V. 1961. 91—93. 33 Werner, J., Bronzenes Pferdekopszepter der Haistattzeit aus Predmerice bei Hradec Kralové. Pam. Arch. LU. 1961. 389. 2 A Móra F. Múzeum Évk. П. 17