A Békés Megyei Múzeumok Közleményei 36. (Békéscsaba, 2012)
Brauer-Benke József: A népi fuvolák története
Brauer-Benke József TESz 1967-1976 Benkő Lóránd (főszerk.): A Magyar Nyelv Történeti-Etimológiai Szótára. I-III. Budapest, 1967-1976. WEGNER 1970 Wegner, Max: Griechenland. In: Musikgeschichte in Bildren. Bd. 2. Lfg. 4. Leipzig, 1970. ZOLNAY 1977 Zolnay László: A magyar muzsika régi századaiból. Budapest, 1977. The history of folk flutes - József Brauer-Benke Resume Although there are data on the presence in Europe of the flute type instrument as early as the 3rd century BC, due to its morphological variation (nozzle attachment), the instrument type is subsequently likely to have disappeared from use and, by the mediation of the Silk Road, the use of the Indian flute type, which first appeared in Byzantium, became widespread again in the 11th century. The iconographic data on the instrument type suggest that flutes, unlike other voice agents, spread from east to west, as their presence in the 13th century in Galicia and Spain cannot be explained by Arab takeover. Although iconographic data indicate that the flute can likely be considered a pastoral instrument since its appearance in the 11 century, its presence as a Hungarian folk instrument cannot be proven until the 19lh century. The Kassa (Kosice) or more recently the Abaújszántó (aquamanile) Aquarius is a liturgical vessel mediated by Byzantium, therefore, its portrayal cannot associated with folk instruments, especially not with “shamans healing with pipes and drums”. An instrument-etymological and historical data review suggests that folk flutes may have first appeared at the time of the coming of the Germanspeaking shepherds called “birkások” (sepherds of sheep) who arrived in Transdanubia and the Highlands area in the 18th century. Besides, the instrument’s impacts owing to an ever-present spread but to a lesser extent, on the level of medieval court culture and military applications or that of the free royal cities’ citizens, can also be accounted for. Brauer-Benke József MTA BTK Zenetudományi Intézet Zenetörténeti Múzeum H-l 014 Budapest, Táncsics Mihály u. 7. E-mail: brauerbenke@zti.hu 286
