Fügedi Márta szerk.: B.-A.-Z. megye népművészete (Miskolc, 1997)

ANGOL NYELVŰ ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS Fügedi Márta

of towns and the vivid trading created a flourishing layer of craftsmen and artisans. In the 16th—

18th centuries the proportion of craftsmen was not negligible in either the towns or in the serfs' settlements. The beginning of the 19th century was the golden age of the guilds and the period of the appearance of craftsmen in the villages. Manufactures appeared in iron processing, glass and hard tile production, and the products of these industries became widespread in peasant households, too. Besides craftsmen's products the productive forces of domestic industry also met urgent demands. Some villages and microregions, which specialized in domestic industries, developed their own material culture and ornaments and engaged in goods exchange with remote regions. Shepherds' art is a special field of making and using articles, a special materialization of stock breeding and the pastoral way of life. A great number of characteristic consumer goods and tools as well as richly decorated ornaments can be listed here. The products of shepherds' art demonstrate the intimate, personal relationship between man and object but these richly ornamented articles also testify a special kind of shepherd consciousness. They also reflect the double, transitory character of our county displaying an intricate pattern of lowland and highland characteristics. In the southern third of the county, south of the foot of the Bükk mountains, in the plain along the river Tisza people were involved in lowland type stock breeding, which is reflected in the style of their tools. In the regions of Bodrogköz and Taktaköz special flood area stock breeding, often its marsh-meadow type, was going on. This region developed its characteristic horn ornamentation. Mountain shepherding was common in the area of the Bükk and Zempléni mountains. Here the prominent characteristics of shepherds' art are the wide variety of carved drinking vessels and the decoration of spontoons and hooks with metal inlay. 3. A separate chapter speaks about the general features of the settlements of traditional society: the different types of settlements, the regional characteristics of construction types, the forms and ornaments of houses, outhouses and churches, and the cemeteries as the reflections of the homogeneity of the living village society and community. As a result of the different geographical conditions and the differences of the social and economic development settlements show a great diversity in this region. In the southern, flat part of the county some of the flatland type villages had gardens, i.e. a two-plot structure. There are only few traces left of this structure. The agglomeration of the centres, the large plots of the outskirts and the sometimes still existing heated sheds show it. As opposed to it, the settlement type with long farmyards has its examples in the north. It is common in areas where the settlement cannot spread any further for geographical reasons, therefore the growing population extends inwards and builds several houses on the plots. The basic settlement type of the county, however, is the streetbased village with one single house on each stripe-shaped plot. The fences and gates on the plots are characteristic elements of the arrangement of the settlements. Their material, technical make-up, social