Belényesy Károly: Pálos kolostorok az Abaúji-Hegyalján (Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén megye régészeti emlékei 3. Miskolc, 2004)
PAULINE FRIARIES IN THE ABAÚJ HEGYALJA REGION
in Taktakenéz, Szántó, Hejce, Vilmány, Göncruszka, 209 Kéked 210 and and in the neighboring area (Kerel and Tófüz Puszta 2 ") (Map 26). The Virgin Mary monastery at Gönc had properties in Szántó, 212 Zada, 213 (Szada in Taktaköz!) Gönc, 214 Zsujta 215 and their vicinity - as sources say 216 (Map 27 217 ). Some estates, - mainly vineyards - of which exemption from the ninth is protected collectively by the Pauline communities can be interpreted as joint properties: Regéc (the Castle Hill 218 ), Telkibánya, 219 and it is without doubt that the 'lapohus' hayfield 220 of the Holy Trinity monastery belongs here. Thus sources reveal that the monasteries had quite small geographical attraction and donations stayed balanced during the centuries. 221 Most estates are located on the western slopes of Zemplén Hills in the Abauj Region. There are only some exceptions: Taktakenéz, Szántó, Zada, which will be discussed in details when speaking about the organization of the estates and their economy. But it is worth to mention here that all of them can be found in high quality agricultural territories, in the This settlement is mentioned by charters as Kynys, where, in 1482 a certain doinus et curia ipsormn exponentium allodialis is mentioned as the property of the monastery. (Bandi, 1985, 595., 39.) This site is not identical with the village Kinizs in Abaúj county. The proper localization is supported by a charter from 1509, in which Kynys estate is mentioned as once situated in Zemplén county, but now with the permission of king Matthias belongs to county Abaúj. Among its detached properties jishing places flowing out from the Tisza river are mentioned (Bandi, 1985 607, 65.) Later, the fishing place called Zelep is described as tendit ad morothwa possessionis Dob (Maksay, 1959 754.), therefore it is neighbored by the today village Tiszadob. According to these data, it seems that most likely this Kynys estate can be located to the right bank of the river Tisza, opposite to Tiszadob, therefore, it can be equal with Taktakenéz in County Zemplén. Here 1 would like to thank Tamás Bodnár his comments on the location of this site. 206 DAP I., 171. 207 ibid 208 ibid 209 ibid 210 ibid, c. f. in the chapter dealing with the mills 2 " Bandi, 1985 593., 31. 212 Bandi, 1985 588., 19. 213 DAP I., 167, 249. 214 ibid 215 ibid 216 The supposed ownership of the monastery by Karos is probably a mistake as the document only contains the title of the church (Virgin Mary) but it does not mention its location. See: Bandi, 1985 604., 57., Hervay, 1988 227-228. 217 There is no information about the properties of the St Ladislaus Chapel in Középnémeti, its benefices and the hermits living there might have been descended on the monastery in Regéc. The estates of the Holy Trinity hermitage were the common property of the three communities. The benefices of the hospital church at Telkibánya were taken under the supervision of the monastery at Gönc. 218 Bandi, 1985 585., 10. 219 Bandi, 1985 585., 11. 220 Bandi, 1985 672., 6. 221 Intensification cannot be observed. southern part of the valley of the River Hernád and Taktakenéz. The character and location of the properties certainly had direct connection with the general agricultural prosperity of the communities' broader environment. It is one of the typical features of the Pauline order that documents often refer to vineyards, 222 whereas arables, hayfields occur comparatively less. The amount of donations, as well as complaints about taxes and the exemption from the noua also stress the significance of vine- production. The most prosperous wine growing, areas were along the feet of the inner mountains (Telkibánya, Göncruszka, Regéc, Horváti, Tolcsva), where the monasteries themselves were located. Arable fields usually appear in fertile basins (Telkibánya, Horváti, Tolcsva), in valleys (Göncruszka, Szántó, Zada), or near fishing places (Kenéz). The monasteries' remote estates were especially significant in these territories, since all of them were focused around settlements surrounded by large, fertile arable lands (Szántó, Horváti). The study showed notable differences between the documents and the results of field survey in the case of the dams. Examining the immediate environment of the monasteries, it is clear that traditional Pauline fishery had some importance in the Abaúj region too, despite the fact that there is no data about fishponds in written evidence. It would be an exaggeration to regard the ponds observed near the buildings, as sources of income. 223 Nevertheless, the contradiction is resolvable 224 if the numerous dams, mills and millponds, mentioned by sources are considered, as fishing ponds. Donators The donators of the monasteries came mainly from the lower and middle social strata of the region's nobility as well as the citizens of Telkibánya. The donated properties represent the closest catchment area of the Paulines. The donators of the Regéc monastery are mainly landowners from Tolcsva (Stephen Upor, Peter Liszkay Szilva), from Horváti (Simon Dyáki, Rátki Benedict's son: Ladislaus) and from Vilmány (Ladislaus Bathkai). The donations are not of excessive value, mainly smaller vineyards or lands, and in two cases the community was given a part of a mill. Stephen Upor's donations stand out from ordinary practice they included a vineyard, a peasant plot with two arable fields, and a mill. The small 12 Guzsik. 1994, Számadó, 1989. !3 Let us consider the size of the ponds found near the monastery in Regéc. (Fig 10.,68.) 14 See Számadó, 1989 and Knapp, 1994, 92-100.
